Essay about Vector Aeromotive Corporation Case Study

Generally, the board of directors are responsible for the following duties: 1) duty of care – duty to make/delegate decisions in an informed way; 2) duty of loyalty – duty to advance corporate over personal interests; 3) duty of good faith – duty to be faithful and devoted to the interests of the corporation and its shareholders; 4) duty not to â€Å"waste† – duty to avoid deliberate destruction of shareholder value. There is no reason to believe that the duties of Vector’s board should be any different. The major conflict between Vector’s board and its president centers on President Wiegert’s management style, belief of excessive spending and his deceitfulness towards the board members and potential investors. Although President Wiegert’s†¦show more content†¦They safeguard the equity investors’ interests and they protect the interests of other corporate stakeholders. There was a clear conflict of in terest having the president of Vector not only residing as the board chairman but also the individual responsible for selecting the board members. President Wiegart chose close business associates as the company’s board members. There were many mistakes and ignorant decisions that would ultimately plague Vector’s board. It was recognized early on, by the other board members, that the effectiveness of President Wiegart would not be sustained but they decided not to identify or train a possible replacement because Wiegart would â€Å"strongly oppose such actions†. This is a clear example of how the board members chose to ignore other poor actions made by Wiegart in the years that followed. He was even so inclined to add another board member, also another one of his long-time business associates, when he did experience a little resistance with the other board members. Possibly in hopes of shifting the power back in his favor. The board members rarely received information prior to their meetings and what information they did receive, just enough was given in order for Wiegart to achieve the conclusion that he wanted. None of the decisions the board made were in the interests of the investors rather they were made in the interest of keeping a feeling of cohesiveness within the company. The only board memberShow MoreRelatedCase Study- Vector Aeromotive Corporation1685 Words   |  7 PagesNo 3. The Extended Case Study- Vector Aeromotive Corporation Zhenhua Rui 09/20/2010 Vector Aeromotive Corporation was a company which designed, manufactured and sold exotic sports cars. Vector was the only U.S.-based manufacture of exotic sports cars, and his major competitors were Ferrari and Lamborghini. Gerry Wiegert is the President and founder of this company. In 1987, the board of directors was formed with three directors. This case shows events happening between the board and President Gerry

Project Management for Railway Gds Distribution - 6109 Words

Railway GDS Distribution ------------------------------------------------- Project Management Coursework Simon Riha Cohort 13, Aviation Management Emirates Aviation College May 14, 2012 Railway GDS Distribution ------------------------------------------------- Project Management Coursework Simon Riha Cohort 13, Aviation Management Emirates Aviation College May 14, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Business Case Assessment 4 Project Planning and Scheduling 8 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 9 Project Organization Structure 11 Network Diagram and Gantt Chart 12 Project Monitoring and Control 15 Project Risk and Reducing Uncertainty 21 Conclusion 24 Reference List 25 Appendix 1: A BOSCARD Table†¦show more content†¦It originated with Cap Gemini consulting company in the 1980s. The acronym stands for background, objectives, scope, constraints, assumptions, risks and deliverables, which altogether constitute a usual baseline for project initiation documents. BOSCARD is practical for providing a complete bottom line for quick and brief project outlines when still delivering all important project information to stakeholders, without having to undergo the entire exhaustive project initiation procedure resulting in a full project initiation document. (Haughey, n.d.) An example of the use of the BOSCARD is attached in Appendix 1. It illustrates its well-arranged structure and brevity while still providing the wide high-level characteristic of the Westbahn project. Such a BOSCARD can be created, for instance, by discussing and brainstorming particular BOSCARD sections in a small group of key managers and engineers at short time. Findings and results of such a brainstorming sessions are documented in the BOSCARD table. Focusing on one particular BOSCARD section, that is, in particular, the scope definition of the Westbahn project, a decision has to be made, which features and functions to deliver in the project scope and which to leave outside of its scope. Grundy amp; Brown (2002) suggest a few useful diagnostic methods providing a solid framework for strategic analysis and decision-making: Performance Driver Analysis, Gap Analysis and Fishbone Analysis. Grundy amp; BrownShow MoreRelatedReview on Airline Reservation Systems1606 Words   |  7 Pages Major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who make their systems accessible to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSes typically allow users to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets although these are not always integrated withRead MoreStrategic Management : Tourism Industry Porter Five Forces2522 Words   |  11 Pagesstrategy should be to modify these competitive forces in a way that improves the position of the organization. Porter’s model supports analysis of the driving forces in an industry. Based on the information derived from the Five Forces Analysis, management can decide how to influence or to expl oit particular characteristics of their industry. 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Business Strategy Case Study of Rocket Internet †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Business Strategy of Rocket Internet. Answer: Introduction The report depicts the importance of Rocket Internet in recent business strategies of Rocket Internet Company (Rocket Internet 2016). The company is headquartered in Berlin and it provides valid platforms to builds online startup businesses. The company is founded in the year of 2007, and the founders of the company are Marc, Oliver and Alexander Samwer. The number of employees currently working for the company is around 30,000. It gives office space to new companies. The resources used by the company and the other competences outlined in the given case study will be discussed in this report additionally, the threshold of the company and in a parallel manner the distinct and dynamic capabilities of the company are also going to be discussed in this report brief. The report will also provide a VRIO analysis for Rocket internet. The company is maintaining their traditional business strategic model but currently the organization is trying to improve their business framework. Resources and competences of Rocket Internet outlined in the case From the detail analysis of the case study it has been defined that, though Rocket internet has enough financial skills for their venture capital firm but still they are trying to obtain promising technical platform in order to gain development. Resources of Rocket Internet: There are several expert teams that play a supportive role for the company (Wilson and Boldeman 2012). The expert team is not only in the sector of marketing management but also exists in customer management team, business intelligence and operation team. Rocket internet does not recruit only regular staffs but also for global venture development expert team is also recruited (Matthews and Brueggemann 2015). The employees generally recruited by the company have analytical skills along with entrepreneurship management ideas. Based on the structure of Silicon Valley entrepreneurial support and head of the Human Resource department are selected. The co founder and the managing director of the company are collaboratively working for the business development. Due to financial development they generally recruits extraordinary and MBA level knowledgeable people for their company. Not only this, but also the company uses best of the business models. The founders of the company were inspired from the entrepreneurial culture and especially from eBay (Wilson and Boldeman 2012). However from the critics point of view it has been defined that the company is a complete copycat that does not have any innovative ideas rather it only steals ideas from other business organizations. Competences of Rocket Internet: Though, Rocket internet is referred to as one of the successful companies, but the concept of the business is just a revolution of previously planned business models used by other organizations. The business strategy of the company is framed at the head office of the company (Mitchell 2013). Apart from this, they launched an internal novel business model. Additionally, the distributive business model framed by the company support multiplying business models and also it has been illustrated rapidly for online business models. It provides a combination of talented employee and high standard approaches in terms of systemized platform. Being worlds largest internet platform outside United States and China it has the capability to identify the basic need o the consumers. On the other hand, the company also copies a proven model of business for the financial scale up (Schildhauer 2016). Four basic factors that come under consideration for Rocket internet are- rocket network of the companies, technology maintains by the company and the process with infrastructure of the company. There are many organizations that are determined to be the tough competitors of Rocket Internet. As, the vision of Rocket internet is to be the biggest builder outside Chin and United States thus, they everyday they are proofing to be the market leaders. In Berlin project venture and HUT group of UK are known to be the tough competitors to Rocket internet (Keeton et al. 2012). The global reach of the company covers the largest internet and mobile audiences. Threshold, distinctive and dynamic capabilities of Rocket Internet Threshold capability is referred to as the resource capability and survival power of Rocket internet. The threshold competency is the state of art technology and the skills that has been developed by the employees of Rocket Internet (Eckard et al. 2015). From the distinctive resource perspective it has been defined that, the values and norms of Rocket internet is completely based on its dominant brand reputation. Threshold capabilities: Threshold resources: The Company is headquartered in Berlin with more than 700 employees and the network operates by the company for above 25 international Rocket offices (Keeton et al. 2012). The number of employees in the Rocket internet portfolio companies is above 15,000. Apart from this it also provides a strong financial backup to the startup companies. For the operating department of the company more than 250 specialists are recruited. Threshold capabilities: The skills for website development adopted by Rocket Internet Company is very high as the product serves by them are based on high quality. Additionally, specialization in IT software, programming and web design skills helps the organization to develop the quality of the products (Schildhauer 2016). Current emerging technologies and IT diagnostic tools utilization support Rocket Internet to reach the ultimate goal preset for the company. However, proper execution of other companys ideas in appropriate market with the emerging technical help is another capability of the company. Distinctive capabilities: The distinctive resource competencies states that the founder of the company is Sarnwer brothers. The brand name and the reputation of the company are very powerful. The strategies and decision making capability on the basis of the centralized models developed by Rocket internet helps it to improve the entrepreneurial working culture (Yoden 2014). The infrastructure and network distribution method maintains by the company helps them to create ventures on international scale (Rocket Internet 2016). The resource of the company is Global venture development team. The decisions and overall business strategies are largely shaped and the speed of new strategic business model launching is very high. The entrepreneurial culture adopted by the company leads the employees to work for a long time under huge pressure. In addition to this, recruitment benchmark has also setup for the company due to the presence of these distinctive competencies (Mitchell 2013). Dynamic capabilities: Inspirational leadership and determination of the employees helps the organization to reach the top (Schildhauer 2016). Rocket Internet is looking for strong leadership along with internal motivation and influence, analytical and conceptual skills. VRIO analysis for Rocket Internet VRIO analysis is one of the most effective analytical tools, used to determine the competitors of the company considering various evaluation dimensions. VRIO analysis considers the resource or capabilities and core competencies. Some of the resources meet all the four basic requirements to gain sustainability in the competitive business marketplace. Valuable: The strategic capabilities adopted by the company are able to generate the needs of the consumers in terms of product quality and the services served by the organization. Rocket internet avails rare and unique resources or capabilities (Lee 2015). The uniqueness of the organization helps it perform in a much better way to compete other rivalries. For Rocket Internet all the resources such as ability to raise capita amount, employee compensations, human resource management team and the core competencies include relationship with other companies, presence of innovation, experiences of the consumers and the corporate leadership and vision (Mitchell 2013). All these resources are valuable for Rocket Internet. Rare: From resource analysis it has been determined that some of the resources such as expert team and the financial risk management team are rare resources. These resources provide temporary competitive advantages. Imitate: As the company do not possesses it own business model for evaluation therefore, imitation on the business models of other companies charge cost to Rocket Internet. The capabilities and competitiveness of the company are so much vast that imitation or simulations of the capabilities are not possible (Matthews and Brueggemann 2015). Though, Rocket Internet cannot identify the particular resources still, it is able to provide comparable products to the competitive market. Org support: The main tool used by Rocket internet group is cash that is available for sale financial assess. Credit risk is another risk comes under consideration while comprises with the direct risks. Organizational support in terms of investment helps Rocket Internet to create more competitive advantages throughout the world. The organizational gained support from Groupon, eBay, Linkedin, Zynga and Facebook. Figure 1: VRIO analysis of Rocket Internet (Source: Mitchell 2013, pp-340) Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, Rocket Internet is one of the largest ecommerce investor of Germen. It also shares 43 percent focus on the other organizations. The company is continuing to its innovations and evaluations for private funding and other alternatives. The report has discussed the distinctive resources and general competencies adopted by rocket internet. In addition to this, it also illustrated the distinctive, dynamic and threshold capabilities of the company. Finally, from the VRIO analysis of Rocket Internet is has come to focus that all the resources used by the company are valuable. The HR management team and risk management team is rare it means does not used by any other organizations. the analysis states that, the competitive advantages are not valuable. References Eckard, K., Eaton, H., de Giacomo Araujo, M. and Smith, S., 2015. Rocket Internet: Clone Factory or Long-Term Stakeholder Keeton, K.E., Schmidt, L.L., Slack, K.J. and Malka, A.A., 2012. The rocket science of teams.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(1), pp.32-35. Lee, C.M., 2015. THE EFFECTIVE SECURITY MEASURES AGAINTS INTERNET FRAUD. Matthews, C.H. and Brueggemann, R., 2015.Innovation and entrepreneurship: A competency framework. Routledge. Mitchell, S.T., 2013. Space, Sovereignty, Inequality: Interpreting the Explosion of Brazil's VLS Rocket.The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology,18(3), pp.395-412. Muhammad, L.J., Ali, A.G. and Iliya, I.S., 2015. Security Challenges for Building Knowledge-Based Economy in Nigeria.International Journal of Security and its applications,9(1), pp.119-124. Rocket Internet, (2016).Rocket Internet. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Internet [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Schildhauer, T., 2016.OPEN INNOVATION FROM AN ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE(Doctoral dissertation, University of Arts, Berlin). Scott, M., 2013. Technology Start-Ups Take Root in Berlin.Technology,9, p.06. Wilson, K.L. and Boldeman, S.U., 2012. Exploring ICT integration as a tool to engage young people at a Flexible Learning Centre.Journal of Science Education and Technology,21(6), pp.661-668. Yoden, M., 2014.Global expansion strategies for software firms(Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).

Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical Essay Example

Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical Essay Social policy as an academic topic is both descriptive and analytical. Discuss pulling on at least three academic mentions. In this essay the writer will specify societal policy as an academic topic and show that despite the fact that societal policy draws on other academic societal scientific discipline topics it is different because it is based upon a distinguishable empirical focal point support for the wellbeing of citizens provided through societal action ( Alcock 2008:3 ) . The writer will demo how as an academic capable societal policy is both descriptive and analytical and will give illustrations. Social policy as an academic topic is hard to depict as it is both the hunt of theoretical norms on how society should act and the practical application and execution of policies, which are considered to be societal ( Alcock et al 2004:1 ) . The intent of these policies is to better public assistance and to run into human demands ( Blakemore, K. 2003:1 ) . Spicker ( 2008:1 ) defines societal policy as the survey of societal services and the public assistance province . The survey of societal policy, originally known as societal disposal chiefly pertains to societal services and includes societal security, lodging, wellness, societal work and instruction, these being described by Spicker ( 2008:1 ) as the large five . Social policy as an academic topic draws on other topics such as economic sciences, political relations, history, psychological science and sociology and has been described as a magpie topic by Blakemore ( 2003:3 ) . These other topics offer background information about the many facets required to understand and develop societal policies such as the effects of industrialization and alterations in societal conditions, population alterations, constructs of category, position and mobility. Understanding sociology gives a better apprehension of industrial dealingss, minority groups and societal control ( Titmuss 1974:15 ) . However, societal policy as an academic subject differs from these other topics because it is based on a distinguishable empirical focal point support for the wellbeing of citizens provided through societal action ( Alcock, P. 2008:3 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social policy as an academic topic has been described as the survey of policy pattern in order to lend to policy reform. It combines both descriptive and normative elements Becker ( 2008:11 ) . Carlson ( 2004:89 ) contends that the descriptive component of societal policy is usually involved in the production of categorizations to do comparing easier, or to demo the inter-relationships between instances . Harmonizing to Spicker ( 2008:2 ) Titmuss suggested that societal policy describes how policies are formulated and the effects of policies. Social policy s chief focal point is welfare and it describes people s demands or jobs such as poorness, lodging, mental unwellness or disablement ( Spicker 2008:4 ) . Social policy describes the beginning and purposes of a policy, how a policy is implemented and the consequences, either good or bad ( Spicker 2008:5 ) . Fitzpatrick ( 2001:4 ) wrote that societal disposal was concerned with the how and the what of societal policy . An i llustration of this descriptive component of societal policy in pattern can be found in a background paper on drugs and drug dependance written by Richard Hartnoll ( 2004 ) . Hartnoll discusses how many people, what type of people use drugs, the type drugs they use, bar, interventions and decrease in supply. This descriptive information contributes to turn toing policy inquiries in relation to the impact of drug usage on persons and society. Descriptions besides help to measure demands and trade with whether or non there are equal resources to cover with the job. Hartnoll concluded that although descriptions of the drug state of affairs and policies had improved in Europe, that spreads remained and much more needful to be done in analyzing policies. The survey of societal policy requires the strict linking of theoretical analysis with empirical question . Social policy demands to analyze policies, their ends and impacts and see if these policies achieve their ends, or if non, why non ( Bochel 2005:7-8 ) . Harmonizing to Carlson ( 2004:88-89 ) Best and Kellner make a comparing between societal theories and route maps, stating that in order to analyze, discuss and intervene in societal procedures we need to utilize maps to see how society is structured. Theoretical positions or belief systems, referred to as political orientations of public assistance ( George and Wilding, 1994:1 ) play an of import function in the analytical facet of societal policy. Political orientations have three chief constituents as described by Baldock et Al ( 2007:69-70 ) . The first is a position, which stresses or explains statement without giving weight to other point of views. The 2nd is the position of groups or persons who have something to de rive from an statement. The 3rd and concluding constituent of an political orientation is how it deals with more than one issue and refers to a wider set of coherent thoughts . Analysing societal policies in relation to tribades, cheery work forces and bisexuals in Ireland demo how the political orientations of the Catholic Church have in the yesteryear influenced societal policy. Sexual activity between work forces was criminalized in Ireland in 1634 and was punishable by decease. Amendments were made to this act broadening the range from sodomy to gross indecency in 1885. With the foundation of the Irish Gay Rights Movement in 1974 came the push to legalize homosexualism. David Norris took a instance to the High Court in 1977 in which he challenged his constitutional rights of privateness and equality. This instance was unsuccessful and the opinion of the High Court included mention to homosexualism been condemned in Christian instruction as being morally incorrect . The High Court besides judged that homosexualism posed harm to the establishment of matrimony. The Catholic Church s political orientations are apparent in this opinion. Norris was successful in 1988 when he took his instance to the European Court of Human Rights. Homosexuality was finally decriminalized in the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act of 1993 ( Considine, Dukelow 2009:438-443 ) . In decision the writer has defined societal policy as an academic topic and explained the differences between societal policy and other societal scientific discipline topics. The writer has explained how societal policy is descriptive and illustrated this with the illustration from Hartnoll. The writer has besides shown how societal policy is analytical and why when analyzing policies consideration must be given to the influence of political orientations as demonstrated with the illustration given from Considine and Dukelow. List of Mentions Alcock, Cliff. , Payne, Sarah. , Sullivan, Michael. ( 2004 ) Introducing Social Policy, England: Pearson Education Limited Alcock. Pete. ( 2008 ) The Subject of Social Policy , p. 3 in Alcock, Pete. , May, Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen ( explosive detection systems ) , The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Baldock, John. , ( 2007 ) Welfare, Ideology, and Social Theory in Baldock, John. , Manning, Nick. , Vickerstaff, Sarah. , ( explosive detection systems ) Social Policy 3rd erectile dysfunction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Becker Saul. ( 2008 ) Methods and Approaches in Social Policy Research in Alcock, Peter, May. Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen. , ( explosive detection systems ) The Students Companion to Social Policy 3rd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Blakemore, Kenneth ( 2003 ) Social Policy an Introduction 2nd erectile dysfunction, Berkshire: Open University Press Bochel, Hugh ( 2005 ) Introducing Social Policy in Bochel, Hugh. , Bochel, Catherine. , Page, Robert and Sykes, Rob. , Social Policy: Issues and Developments, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Carlson, Judith ( 2004 ) Theoretical Principles and Concepts in Alcock, Cliff. , Payne, Sarah. , Sullivan, Michael. , Introducing Social Policy, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Considine, Mair A ; eacute ; ad. , Dukelow, Fiona. , ( 2009 ) Irish Social Policy, A Critical Introduction Dublin: Gill A ; Macmillan Ltd Fitzpatrick, Tony ( 2001 ) Welfare Theory: An Introduction, Campling, Jo ( adviser editor ) London: Palgrave George, Vic. , Wilding, Paul. , ( 1994 ) Welfare and Ideology Essex: Prentice Hall Europe Hartnoll, Richard ( 2004 ) Drugs and drug dependance: linking research, policy and pattern, background paper for Pompidou Group s Strategic Conference on linking research, policy and pattern, Strasbourg. Germany: Koelblin-Fortuna-Druck Lavalette, Michael. , Pratt, Alan. , ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1998 ) Social Policy A Conceptual and Theoretical Introduction, London: Sage Publications Inc Spicker, Paul ( 2008 ) Social Policy Themes and Approaches 2nd erectile dysfunction, Bristol: The Policy Press Titmuss, Richard. ( 1974 ) The International Perspective , in Abel-Smith, Brian and Titmuss, Kay ( explosive detection systems ) , Social Policy an Introduction, London: Unwin Hyman Ltd

Horror Movies free essay sample

We have all experienced those feelings we get when we sit down to watch a horror movie. We feel that little adrenaline rush when we see a character in a movie trying to escape a knife-wielding-psycho that is endlessly chasing them and we feel that jump out of your skin feeling when the evil guy suddenly pops into the scene from out of nowhere. Then the movie ends, you sigh a breath of relief that it’s over and there is nothing to be scared of. But did you know that there are a few movies out there that were based on real life events? The 1988 popular and cult classic movie Child’s Play is about a single mother that gives her son a beloved doll for his birthday. They later find out that the doll is possessed with the soul of Charles Lee Ray, a serial killer, who takes his soul and buries it into the seemingly good guy doll Chucky. We will write a custom essay sample on Horror Movies or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Charles Lee Ray then tries to put his soul into the boy’s body in order to become human again. The writer for Child’s Play, Don Mancini, was inspired by the story of Robert the Doll. Robert the doll is a toy once owned by a Key West painter and author Robert Eugene Otto. The doll was given to Robert in 1904 by a Jamaican nurse who was skilled in black magic and voodoo. She was said to have been displeased with her role in the Otto family so she placed a curse on the doll. The family reported that Robert would have conversations with Eugene when he was a child and would often scream for help while he slept, his parents would enter his room and find furniture knocked over and Robert the Doll sitting close by. Neighbors also claimed to see the doll moving from window to window when the family was out. When Eugene died in 1974, the doll was left in the attic of his sold house until a 10 year old girl found the doll. It wasn’t long until she started talking with Robert and experienced attacks in the middle of the night too. Today, the doll can be found in the Fort East Martello Museum in Key West. Robert the Doll is featured in many ghost tours. He is seen here in an early 20th century white officer sailor suit clutching a stuffed lion. Legend says that if you want to take a picture with Robert you must ask the doll politely, if he doesn’t agree he will tip his head to one side and you must forget it and pass by, if you take the picture anyways he will curse your family. Another cult classic horror movie that is loosely inspired by true events is A Nightmare on Elm Street. The movie is about a spectral child murderer, Freddy Krueger, who stalks the children of the members of the lynch mob that killed him and, one by one, kills his victims in their dreams. In the Philippines they call the sudden death of a person while sleeping, bangungot, or nightmare. In other areas of the world it has been labeled as sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome or SUNDS. The Filipinos believe that ingesting high levels of carbohydrates before sleeping due to eating rice cakes causes SUNDS. Victims of SUNDS have been found to have no organic heart diseases or structural heart problems, however, cardiac activity during SUNDS indicates irregular heart rhythms and ventricular fibrillation. When reports surfaced in the United States that perfectly healthy young Asian Men were complaining of horrific nightmares and refusing to sleep for days on end, it caught the attention of a young Wes Craven who later incorporated the theme of Freddy Krueger entering his victim’s dreams and killing them into his 1984 film, A Nightmare on Elm Street. The Shining, is about a family that heads to an isolated hotel for the winter where an evil spiritual presence causes the father, Jack Torrance, to slowly slip into madness, while his psychic son, Danny, sees disturbing visions from the past and of the future. Stanley Kubrick created this 1980 movie based on Stephen King’s 1977 bestseller book. The movie is based on the strange unexplained activity that happens in The Stanley Hotel in Estes Park, Colorado which is located next to the Rocky Mountain National Park. The hotel was built by Freelan O. Stanley of Stanley Steamer and opened on July 4, 1909. Since its opening the hotel has accommodated a collection of rich and famous people, including Titanic survivor Margaret Brown, Theodore Roosevelt, and the Emperor of Japan. Over the years, many people have reported ghostly phenomena in the hotel, the majority of which happen in the large ballroom. The kitchen workers at the hotel have reported loud music, dancing, and conversation in the ballroom, only to search the area and find nothing. Visitors have heard the hotel’s piano playing at odd hours and have seen a number of apparitions. Stephen King was inspired to write The Shining when around Halloween in 1974 he and his wife Tabitha decided to take a mini-vacation to the Stanley Hotel. On October 30, 1974 the couple checked into room 217, which was said to be haunted. King said that night he dreamed of his 3 year old son running through the corridors, looking back over his shoulder, eyes wide, and screaming. He was being chased by a fire hose. Nowadays, many movies claim to have been inspired by real life. Did they really happen? Or is Hollywood just slapping that phony â€Å"true story† label on their movies in hopes of filling theater seats and winning box office gold? This is just a short list of movies that directors took inspiration from strange events, tragic tales, and dark memories to show us, the audience, that truth can be more terrifying than fiction. And whether you actually care if it’s based on true events or not, it’s sure to have piqued your interests. Gloria Isabel Rivas Speech 1315 Wed. 02/27/13 5:30-6:50 p. m.

Radial Symmetry in Marine Life

Radial Symmetry in Marine Life Radial symmetry is the regular arrangement of body parts around a central axis. Definition of Symmetry First, we should define symmetry. Symmetry is the arrangement of body parts so they can be divided equally along an imaginary line or axis. In marine life, the two main types of symmetry are bilateral symmetry  and radial symmetry, although there are some organisms that exhibit biradial symmetry (e.g., ctenophores) or asymmetry (e.g., sponges). Definition of Radial Symmetry When an organism is radially symmetrical, you could cut from one side of the organism through the center to the other side, anywhere on the organism, and this cut would produce two equal halves. Think of a pie: no matter which way you slice it, if you slice from one side to the other through the center, youll end up with equal halves. You can continue slicing the pie to end up with any number of equal-sized pieces. Thus, the pieces of this pie  radiate  out from the central point.   You can apply the same slicing demonstration to a sea anemone. If you draw an imaginary line across the top of a sea anemone starting at any one point, that would divide it into roughly equal halves. Pentaradial Symmetry Echinoderms like sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins exhibit a five-part symmetry called pentaradial symmetry. With pentaradial symmetry, the body can be divided into 5 equal parts, so any one of five slices taken out of the organism would be equal.    In the feather star shown in the image, you can see five distinctive branches radiating from the stars central disk. Biradial Symmetry Animals with biradial symmetry show a combination of radial and bilateral symmetry. A biradially symmetrical organism can be divided into four parts along a central plane but each of the parts is equal to the part on the opposite side but not the part on its adjacent side. Characteristics of Radially Symmetrical Animals Radially symmetrical animals have a top and bottom but dont have a front or back or distinctive left and right sides.   They also have a side with a mouth, called the oral side, and a side without the mouth called the aboral side.   These animals typically can move in all directions.   You can contrast this to bilaterally symmetrical organisms like humans, seals or whales, who usually move forward or backward and have a well-defined front, back and right and left sides. While radially symmetrical organisms can move easily in all directions, they may move slowly, if at all. Jellyfish primarily drift with waves and currents, sea stars move relatively slowly compared to most bilaterally symmetrical animals, and sea anemones barely move at all.   Rather than a centralized nervous system, radially symmetrical organisms have sensory structures scattered around their body.   Sea stars, for example, have eyespots at the end of each of their arms, rather than in a head region. One advantage of radial symmetry is that it may make it easier for organisms to regenerate lost body parts. Sea stars, for example, can regenerate a lost arm or even an entirely new body as long as a portion of their central disk is still present.   Examples of Marine Animals With Radial Symmetry Marine animals that exhibit radial symmetry include: Coral polypsJellyfishSea anemonesSea urchins References and Further Information: Morrissey, J.F. and J.L.  Sumich. 2012. Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life (10th Edition). Jones Bartlett Learning. 467pp.University of California Museum of Paleontology.  Bilateral (left/right) Symmetry. Understanding Evolution. Accessed February 28, 2016.

Critically evaluate equality of opportunity in (a) the teaching Essay

Critically evaluate equality of opportunity in (a) the teaching profession OR (b) the classroom - Essay Example It must be pointed out that the EO in teaching profession result to EO in education and hence any discussion for EO in the classroom must be taken to explain the effect of EO in the teaching profession. On the hand the inequality of opportunity (IEO) teaching profession result to IEO in education and hence, any discussion for IEO in the classroom must be taken to explain the effect of IEO in the teaching profession. The premise the teaching profession affects education is based on the premise that teachers bear great responsibility in moulding education of students who will become professionals and matured members of society. And hence good teachers produce good students in the classroom and good teachers and good students produce good education of UK citizens. "Let us stop tinkering with school structures, such as bringing back grammar schools, or promoting selection and the rest. Let us address the real problem, which is to recruit more teachers and better qualified teachers, with adequate resources for them to do the job of raising the general standard of basic education in our country." (Callaghan, 2001) Community Council of DevonïÆ'  (CCD) defines equal opportunities EO as that â€Å"about ensuring fair and equal treatment for everyone, and tackling discrimination wherever it exists in our society.† It says the fundamental principle is that employment opportunities and service provisions should be free from bias, and equally available to all. It posits as well that equal EO involves the breakdown and removal of discriminatory structures, biased policies and prejudicial practices in organisations and individuals. It further states that EO seeks to replace processes that perpetuate inequality with fairer and more effective ways of working. (Community Council of Devon, 2002, pages 1-4) (paraphrasing made) CCD summarized that EOP is about the elimination of discrimination, maximising potential, taking positive action, implementing change,

Process Analysis Essay on My Writing Process Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process Analysis on My Writing Process - Essay Example I had the mandate of addressing an academic audience in the controversy essay and the general audience on the public argument essay. As such, in addressing the different audience distinct writing techniques had to apply. In the academic audience, I dedicated my time and works to informing audience on the different controversies that exist I relation to reference topic. For example, I shared the arguments and counterarguments on increasing fuel prices with an aim of reducing global warming. This I did with an open mind, gave facts, and assumed a neutral position. In addressing, the public on the public argument essay, I changed the vision of my audience by using a convincing tone to make them support my views. I did this by narrowing my information to a shorter topic befitting my position. For instance, I detailed all the benefits of increasing fuel prices for purposes of controlling global warming. Moreover, the two audiences adopted distinct introductions. Indeed, I used facts and b ackground information to address the academic audience in the introduction of the second essay. Furthermore, the context of the information changed with the audience. For example, in the public argument essay, the context changed to only the benefits of increasing fuel prices. Actually, in this context, the demerits of increasing fuel prices for controlling global warming did not surface. Consequently, the context of my information had a direct connection with the purpose of the address. In fact, in my controversy, the purpose of the information.

First Day at an Electrical Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

First Day at an Electrical Job - Essay Example    On June 15, 2011, joy would be seen all over my face from the fact that I had secured a job at an Oryx gas-to-liquid company that is classified as a Natural gas producing company. The position that was designated to me was electrical maintenance personnel. My arrival at the Oryx Company was marked with great apprehension because I did not know what to expect in the electrical department of a gas producing company. Numerous pipes could be seen running from one place to another in the company’s compound. Additionally, thick electrical cables were visible that were providing the machines with electrical powers. Natural gas dish machines contributed to most of the electrical machines, which I was designated to maintain by the human resource manager of the company. The morning production section alter I arrived at the company was running smoothly and my job was only to go through manuals that contained the maintenance procedure of the natural gas dish machines. ... exactly twelve o’clock, my supervisor and other electrical personnel took my presence very helping and decided to leave the observation of the electrical wiring as well as the natural gas dish machines. I observed the machines for two hours after which I sensed an electrical burn smell in one of the main supply electrical cable. The smell attracted the attention of other personnel in various departments in the company, which lead to numerous phone calls on the department that I was titled to, which was the department of electrical maintenance. With minimal time to waste, I picked the tools in the office and rushed to a spotted faulty cable. I was surprised to find that one of the motors coolant fans had slipped out of the confined metallic cages and cut the main supply electrical cable into two. The supply cable in that was cut fell on the surface of one of the motors. Most motor surfaces carry a current and once the cable had fallen on one of the surfaces, an electrical short followed intriguing a fire. Fortunately, the company had effective self-fire distinguishers; hence, the fire was put off immediately. Nevertheless, the avoided fire incident did not solve the main problem that had been caused by the faulty coolant fun, which was power cut-out to three natural gas dish machines. Additionally, there was no experienced electrical personnel at the moment that necessitated me to act quickly to fix the electrical supply cable. The process of fixing the cable involved creating a joint at the point that the fun had cut. The other main step was to ensure that the faulty fan was replaced to avoid such a risky incidence. However, most of the risk I got exposed to was fixing the damaged electrical supply cable.  Ã‚  

Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Oral Health And Disease Health And Social Care Essay Dental caries is an oral disease not just of the developed nations but fast becoming a public health issues in the developing countries1. Dental caries is one of the major oral health problems in Nigeria. Other oral health/diseases commonly seen in Nigeria include periodontitis, chronic gingivitis, acute necrotising gingivitis, oral cancer and ameloblastoma, cranio-facial developmental anomalies, orthodontic problems and cleft lip and palate2. The oral cavity though small is a important aspect of the human body. It is the gateway to the human digestive system. The teeth are an important part of the mouth. Their function in mastication of food and speech cannot be over emphasized. They also have aesthetic component as well as enhance facial appearance. Thus, any problem with oral health or diseases could present as pain and suffering which could have debilitating effects on individuals in particular and the community at large3. Oral diseases could lead to reduction in functional abili ties and reduced quality of life. According to Petersen (2004) oral conditions are among the most expensive medical treatments in industrialized nations3. Nigeria is classed as one of the poorest countries in the world with 70% of its population leaving below 1 dollar a day. Nigeria is one of the countries in West Africa, comprises of 36 states. She is one of the most populous countries in Africa as well as the eighth most populous country in the world with the population of 154,728 8924 and popularly known as the giant of Africa. In 2007 to date, Nigeria is ranked as the second largest economy in Africa, she is known for her rich cultures, natural endowment such as oil and gas. It is equally indisputable that her human resources are abundant. At the same, it is absurd to learn that about 70.2% of Nigerians are living in abject poverty. Although, the Health services in Nigeria has undergone transformation over the years. The provision of Nigeria health system can be categorized into Public and Private Health services. The public health services serves as the main backbone of Nigeria health care which in most cases is funded by the government on non-profit bases. These are divided structurally into the Primary Health Care (PHC), Secondary Health Care (SHC ) and the Tertiary Heath Care (THC) 5, 6. But the dental care services are provided from secondary to tertiary care. This is due to the fact that dental care services are available in general hospitals (secondary health care) in some states and not at the primary health care bases, also in various teaching hospitals (tertiary health care) as well as private dental services. Dental caries is known as a progressive destruction or demineralization of enamel, dentine and cementum on a susceptible tooth surface caused by microbial (Streptococcus mutans) activities such as the production of acids.7, 8 In most cases, the dental caries is not life threatening but can have an adverse effect on quality of life in individual childhood to old age such as dietary and health. It affects all age groups and it is the most important cause of tooth loss in young people9. Frequent consumption of sugar and sugary food and drinks has been implicated as predisposing factors for the cause of dental caries9, 10,11. The sequelae of dental caries: Bacteria ferment sugar to produce acid. Acid dissolves tooth surface  ® leads to dental caries which affects the enamel  ® dentine  ® pulp  ® pulpitis  ® periapical infection  ® dental abscess12. Years ago, dental caries is one of the most common diseases in industrialised countries for instance United Kingdom and a social class-related condition. There has been a tremendous increase of dental caries in developing countries in recent years due to increased sugar consumption as well as insufficient exposures to fluorides which Nigeria happened to be one of the countries. In Nigeria, DMF index is used in measuring tooth decays which counts the number of decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) or surfaces (DMFS) in patients mouth as a result of caries both in deciduous and permanent dentition7, 8. In 1993, World Bank reported the dental caries incidence in 1990 among females of Sub-Saharan Africa is 0. 7 and the males is also 0.7 while the total world record in these categories are 9.6 and 9.8 repectively.13 Dental caries prevalence in Nigeria varies according to the areas from the studies Akpata carried out. It shows that dental caries in rural areas are very low of 3 dental ca ries cases compared with those in the urban areas which is 33 caries14. The reasons for chosen dental caries: Dental caries as pointed out above is a dental disease that affects all age groups although it is more prevalent among the adolescents and young children. It is one of the major oral health problems. Dental caries is a public health issue because of its impact on individuals and the communities. Social and financial issues: Majority of the population in Nigeria suffers from poverty and the government do not subsidize any kind of dental or medical treatment for the people that is from new born to 59 years but from age 60 pays half price which can still be a problem for people in this category. In fact, dental and medical treatment does not commence until the patient pay an agreed amount but there is always an exceptional case depending on the dentist or medical practitioners discretion. Therefore, most of the populations in Nigeria are in high caries risk. This is due to the fact that some of the parents cannot afford sending their children to school while some of the children have very poor attendance record in school and in most cases leads the children to consume more of confectionery and high carbohydrate diet15. Due to poverty, most people seek for alternative treatment when they have toothache such as the traditional medicine, application of herbs, as well as fake medic ine (cheap) leaving majority of the cases untreated. Tooth loss: Dental caries is one of the major causes of tooth loss which can affect on patients eating habits, self-esteem and quality of life. Majority of the patients visit their dentist when they have explored virtually all the alternative treatment mentioned above and still be in pain which tends to be unbearable or in some cases the area is infected or inflamed. This can lead to extraction of the tooth/teeth, which eventually might lead to tooth loss replacement with removable dentures or fixed prosthesis. Due to lack of affordability of the denture by some patients leads to loss of alveolar as well as deformity. Infections: One of the sequelae of dental caries is infection due to bacteria in the cavity. Bacteria in the dental cavity secrete acids which dissolve the enamel and dentine and if untreated leads to pulpitis and subsequently periodontitis. Because so many people cannot afford orthodox dental care due to the cost of proper dental treatment some people chose alternative treatment as mentioned earlier. This can also leads to potential serious infection such as dental abscess or Ludwigs Angina which is life threatening. Although, one of the treatment is administration of antibiotics and other medications but in Nigeria contest we have to battle fake drugs as in most cases one is unable to distinguish between original and fake drugs. Need to create dental awareness: there are need to educate members of the public on how to prevent and control dental conditions as well as diseases Strep viridians seen in dental caries can cause endocarditis in cardiac patients Dental caries can form cystic legions in some patients Dental caries can cause chronic periodontitis. Dental caries is considered as a public health issue or a major problem in dental public health16 because it targets the entire population with unlimited time frame. Its socio-economic effect is great. People presents to dental clinics and hospitals when they are in severe pain and at the advanced stage of dental caries. Dental caries can occur in deciduous or permanent dentition thus affecting children as well as their parents. The cost of managing advanced dental infections is high. Being unable to identify early, people with high caries risk has also be one of the major challenges for public health. 2. The Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) was started in 1988 by the University of Ibadan in Nigeria by the Dental department. Since its inception it has become an integral part of the comprehensive Community Health Programme of the Preventive and Social Medicine (PSM) 17. The COPH main aims and objectives include prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to communities. Major components of COPH are: School health programmes, health education programmes and on site dental care provision in hard to reach communities. Dental care has been a part of primary health care thus making very many communities disadvantaged. The health care delivery in Nigeria is such that dental health was been side-lined and the need for primary and secondary prevention of oral diseases in a developing country such as Nigeria where urbanization and westernization is creeping in. Studies carried out over the years have revealed a poor oral health status in many Nigerians18. An a rm of this programme known as the Community Dental Education Health (CODEH) has been organizing activities such as dental awareness campaigns in communities, market places and schools. Financial sponsorships have been mainly from non-governmental organizations and dental companies like Unilever and GlaxoSmithKline19. Evaluation of the programme: Evaluation is the process of assessing the possible relevance, efficiency, effectiveness as well as impact of the activities (efficacy) of a project or programme in accordance to its objectives through a systematic collection and analysis of data15, 20. It is equally very important to ascertain the quality assurance of the programme. Evaluation could be formative that is assessing the possibility of problem occurring while the programme is being developed or summative that is focusing on the impact as well as the effectiveness of the established programme21. This programme has been evaluated by observing the criteria proposed to guide evaluation in public health22 such as: Effectiveness: -this refers to the extent to which the aims and objectives are met which is to create dental awareness and promote oral health care. Also identify issues and questions of concern to stakeholders. Acceptability: to check if people are satisfied with the programme both the targeted and non-targeted population. Appropriateness: this is the importance of the programme which to reduce the prevalence of dental caries and promote oral health care. Equity: equal provision for equal needs for every individual Efficiency: this to ensure that results are achieved in most economical way and if the resources put into the programme is justified. Before the evaluation, decision on the kind of information that is needed is taken. To ensure that relevant data are gathered at the appropriate time, an eight-stage framework for evaluation of health promotion interventions proposed by Rootman et al in 200123 was adopted. These stages are Describing the programme, as well as clarifying the aims and objectives Identifying the issues and fears of stakeholders Designing of information-gathering process like questionnaire, records of behaviour change such as plaque scores, indices, documented record on dental caries rate (this was achieved with the help of dentists and hygienist in the allocated areas of the programme) also question and answer session with patient or during the dental awareness campaign. Collecting data Analysing data Make recommendations publish findings Take action or implementation Evaluation is an empowering experience which should involve all stakeholders. Although, evaluation of this dental awareness and oral care promotion is challenging as there are complex, context-specific programme which also focus on the socioeconomic and environmental determinants of well-being. Determine of outcomes: the outcome of the programme is influenced by the timing of the evaluation. The outcome of this programme after assessing the effects of intervention can be said to be immediate (impact), intermediate and long-term for some patients. Dental awareness and Oral health care programme had the following effects: Improves peoples knowledge and perception about oral health care Improve the oral health care of the communities in the programme Improve the oral health care and awareness among school children It motivates patients that are afraid of visiting dentist It motivates and encourage most of the participants to be going for regular check-up Impact evaluation was inculcated into the programme as the stage ends. This is the stage where the public worker or oral health educator includes review of the programme at the last session. The intermediate and long-term evaluation involves assessment for longer effect. This was ascertained by comparing the participant oral health related behaviour before and after the programme but in most cases after a year some participants discontinue from the programme due to death or loss of interest. Effectiveness of the evaluation: the evaluation was effective as it shows that the aims and objectives of the programme were met. For instance, the aims and objectives for Community Oral Health Programme (COHP) are prevention of oral diseases and provision of basic oral care services to the communities while the Community Dental Educational Health programme (CODEH) is to organise dental awareness campaign in the communities, market places and schools. This shows that the programme is a success and dental team as well as all the workers efforts in the programme are worthwhile. 3. Key elements in the success or failure of the programme: There have been elements and factors that have led to the success and failure in some aspects of the programme. Communication: good communication network between the public health teams, from dentists to their patients and from oral health educators to varieties of patients or the public is paramount to the success of the programme. It is important to make patients feel at ease and demystify the fear of visiting the dentist by answering their questions clearly. Communication can take place at two levels: cognitive (understanding) and emotional (which relates feelings) which is very important when treating a patient7. Effective and good communication helps the patients to feel relaxed while discussing their oral health problems and devise solutions. Communication barriers: these can lead to failure of a programme. Therefore, it is always advised for professionals to identify any existent of communication barriers during the first stage of communication with the patient. These barriers could be: Social/cultural barriers which involves ethnic backgrounds, cultural/religion beliefs, social class, sex and age Limited receptiveness of patients due to mental health problems, pain, dementia, fear or low self esteem Negative attitude by the patients towards dental professionals due to previous bad experience or believes that they know it all. Dental professionals failing to give insufficient emphasis on dental education. Continuous dental professional development needs to be incorporated in the training for all stakeholders involved in the implementation of the COHP programme. Contradictory messages of oral health care to patients from other health professionals leaving the patients confused as well as use of some dental jargons by the dental professionals to the patients. Strategic planning and evaluation of the programme: planning oral health strategy need to be permissible within the political and policy constraints of Nigeria government. This can lead the programme to success by being more productive and effective on what can be implemented in promoting dental awareness and oral health care such as: Oral health needs assessment: this is to assess unmet dental health needs in a systematic approach to ensure that the public health service uses its resources to promote and improve the dental health of the population. The information gathered for the assessment does not only based on DMF data but also from other sources like data from oral health determinants, caries prevalence, prevalence due to toothache, public demand, existence of dental services as well as policy development14. These information gather will build a focus in monitoring the rate of dental caries which will be useful at the national level during planning dental health educational programmes, future demand and utilization of oral health organisation and financing. It will help plan strategies to improve oral health care of the people through public health interventions. Monitor services provided by the dental team and the extent in which the strategies have improved the oral health of the population after the imple mentation of public health interventions as well as changes to the services. Resources and Support: this is to ascertain from the dental budget the fund available for oral health services and promotion to meet with demand and supply of the population as well as educational programme is very essential. As this will help facilitate the programme, involving experienced and trained public health professional, build and equip dental services and the outreach units with modern equipment if needed as well as developing professional network between the program and community8. Although, in some cases professional barriers can be encountered leading to failure whereby the local dentists does not comply with strategy due to threats on their private dental service business or if their employment terms and conditions are affected. Evaluation: this is an effective way of interventions in a programme, providing feedback to both participants and other part of the team as well as the stakeholders; ensure that appropriate use of resources and other guidelines are followed. During planning of the programme, the programme is evaluated to assess how strategy was implemented and at the end of the programme, evaluation is used to determine what has been achieved. Oral health preventive promotion: there are two ways to achieve this through clinical and public health preventive approach Clinical preventive approach: this approach depends on the proficiency and skill of the dentist also this takes place in dental clinics whereby chair-side oral health educational counselling is given to the patients after the administration of one or two clinical preventive agents are used for instance topical fluorides and fissure sealants. This approach has some down falls such as limited coverage of the population, it can be very expensive leading to increase in health inequalities, less community involvement, in some cases fail to pin-point the causes of poor oral health and can easily leads to conflicting messages. Public health preventive approach: this approach stress on the determinants of health for instance stipulates the attributes of oral health problems as shown in Fig. 1 below illustrating the impact of economic, political, environmental conditions to oral health, not to mention peoples lifestyle which is under the social and community context, although some oral health related behaviour can be influenced by some of the social factors depending on individuals, educating patients through oral health educators, dentists and other trained dental professionals. Oral health education is the one of the channels of promoting oral and promote equity and lessen the rate of health inequalities, be in partnership with various agencies and sectors to achieve their goals, creating dental awareness, increasing people knowledge and getting them involved in self-care. C:UsersAmakaDocumentsimg057.jpg Fig. 1 Diagram of Social determinants of oral health15 Oral health care outreach and information centre: this is preventive dental unit where oral health education can be given to individuals or small groups. This is an avenue whereby the dental public health team or oral health educators motivates, communicate also establish friendly and informal relationship with the patients. This kind of preventive treatment can be a success or failure of the programme depending on the patient and staff cooperation. Therefore, it will be wise to evaluate each teaching sessions by using question and answer session with patients and questionnaire on the performance of the educator. The patient feedback should be used to assess the progress of the unit. In Nigeria, majority of preventive dental units in public and private sectors are located in urban areas where most of the dentists are practising. Leaving those in rural areas with minimal or no access to modern dental treatment. 4. Recommendations for the future of the programme: Nigeria government should fund dental fissure sealant for children in the following categories: mentally or physically handicapped, those with nursing or bottle caries as well as those who have primary and first molars. Dentists should be able to clinically give treatment or advice to the patients without language barriers. This implies that there should be available provision a translator if the need arise. Both systematically and topically administered fluoride should be made available and affordable to the population for instance drinking water, salt, milk and use of fluoride toothpaste. Bearing in mind that, some part of Northern Nigeria is endemic of dental fluorosis due to relative high fluoride ingestion through drinking water14. The clinicians should be ready to adapt to the culture of the people and note the cultural differences for instance some cultures or religion forbids a male doctor or nurse to treat a female patient which applies to oral health care. Ability to in cooperate dental health care awareness into schools Public health workers should endeavour to identify children with high caries risk status More oral health awareness should be created as well as dietary education for parents and children. Highlighting on the need to reduce sugar intake and promote consumption of sugar free both in medications and drinks, fruits and vegetables as well as the need for good self oral hygiene practice It has been proven that most parents bring their children to clinics during holiday therefore will recommend that most dental clinics should be school led that is opening till late. Regular dental check-ups should be encouraged by the oral health team for early identification of dental problem Dental health education programmes should be conducted in the communities (both in rural and urban areas) and regularly The government should encourage the implementation of various community fluoride programmes by funding During epidemiological studies of dental caries, DMF index should always be used All Nigeria dentists should also adopt advances methods of diagnosing dental caries which should be considered when recording and reporting caries in future and ensure that this does not affect historical and international comparisons15.

Comparing William Blake and William Wordsworth

Sonnet 18 In Sonnet 18, William Shakespeare begins by considering what metaphorical comparisons would best reflect the young man, in fact a typical convention of Renaissance poems is to compare beauty and youth with aspects of nature. In the first and in the second stanza he develops the idea of summer: in the first stanza (the introductory part) he wants to compare the young man to a summer day, but he also says that the man is more beautiful and more lovely than a summer day; in fact, he knows, summer can be very short and the weather is changeable: sometimes it’s too hot and sometimes the sun has disappeared, but he can’t be obscured.Then the poet adds that it is also true that, like a real summer, the young man’s youth will not last forever, because it is how nature goes (it’s temporary). The third stanza starts with an adversative, here the poet concentrates in the man’s beauty and he says that his beauty won’t disappear; not even death can take his beauty, because in poetry the poet is able to preserve the idea of beauty and youth. It is something like a promise: in the world of the poem, the young’s man beauty will never die, but it will go on growing in the minds of readers; Shakespeare wishes to preserve the young man’s beauty against the effects of time.The poem carries the meaning of an Italian or  Petrarchan Sonnet (Petrarchan sonnets typically discuss the love and beauty of a beloved). The theme is the transience of beauty, the poet tries to immortalize the young man’s beauty through his own poetry. Sonnet 130 This is a sonnet written for a dark lady, in which Shakespeare criticizes the idealising tendency of the most Elizabethan love poetry to compare the beloved with nature. Sonnet 130 is clearly a parody of the conventional love sonnet, made popular by Petrarch.In describing his dark lady, he is careful to emphasise how little she corresponds to the conventional idea of beauty of h is time; in fact from the sonnet we can understand that the woman is not beautiful: she doesn’t have soft hair, instead she has got black wire hair, she doesn’t have brilliant eyes and red lips , she has dark skin (breasts), moreover he can’t see the colour of the roses in her cheeks and her breath can’t be compared to perfume, her voice is not as pleasant as music and she doesn’t walk like a goddess.For him, however, the fact that she is not conventionally beautiful is an indication of her â€Å"natural† beauty; what fascinates the poet in his lady are the things that make her unique in his eyes, these things make her rare in a world in which the women have to correspond to an ideal notion of beauty. So Shakespeare ends the sonnet by proclaiming his love for his mistress, so he does finally embrace the fundamental theme in Petrarch's sonnets: total and consuming love.Romeo and Juliet (balcony scene) After seeing Juliet at the Capuletâ€℠¢s house during the feast, Romeo secretly return to see her again: Romeo, hidden amongst the shadows outside Capulet’s house, sees Juliet in the balcony; Juliet, believing that she is alone, professes her love for Romeo and her profound sorrow that he is a Montague. Romeo reveals himself and the lovers speak to each other.Romeo is very poetic when he speaks about Juliet, he is a platonic lover, in fact he describes Juliet as a perfect woman (he idealizes Juliet): he says Juliet is the sun and the moon is jealous, her eyes are far more brighter than the sun, they are so brighter that the birds sing all the time. He describes her using some of the conventions of courtly love and Neo-Platonism found in sonnets of the time.Instead Juliet, even if she has the passion, goes right into the problem, which is the name; she is more realistic and she’s worried because Romeo shouldn’t be there and if someone sees him he could die. The dominating image in Romeo and Juliet is light: Romeo associates Juliet with sunlight and stars and the light emanating from angels. Shakespeare's works are written in Early Modern English; the language used by Romeo and Juliet, particularly Romeo, is often lyrical.

A Summary Of Three Main Points You Gained

A manager is designated by an employer to make sure things are to run smooth, and are to always the visionaries the company hoped they would be. A leader on the other hand, is a visionary that uses there vision to exceed and bring forth the full potential Of their employees, and company. They are strategic thinkers asking questions of what there strength and weakness. They question on how they can use these strengths to improve weaknesses and if possible build upon what they are already good at.Leaders use strategic thinking to formulate and implement their mission, vision, and goals. They also build Consensus, meaning they â€Å"question the status quo. They challenge their own ND others' assumptions and encourage divergent points of view. (â€Å"Strategic Leadership: The Essential Skills†) Leaders do not rush they take there time to implement their plans at the perfect, precise moment. The ability to execute impeccably helps make there visions successful. Strategic Leadersh ip: The Essential Skills. (2013, January 1).Retrieved January 22, 201 5, from HTTPS:// hub. Org/2013/strategic-leadership-the-essential-skills 2. Your findings and connections that you make (What seems particularly true or sensible to you as you read, and why you think so? Does this article connect in any ways to: course lecture content and other readings in this course, prior knowledge? ) This article makes complete since. Feel that the article can connect to really anything in our lives: work, team sports, volunteering, school, kids, marriage and etc.Being a leader in notes our personal lives but in our careers is what makes us successful. This also helps us with accountability and improves things even when we may think is good enough. This is how we make ourselves and other to become better in life. This is also how I see our Hooch's. Hooch's have a â€Å"array of services effectively designed, aligned, integrated and continuously improved† (page, 71 ) They are a strategic foundation that sets decisions on its mission, vision, and values.This meaning that it has to continuously strategically thinking of ways to make care provided to patients better. Hooch's also have to have a way of consensus; this is how goals are met by everyone to a common ground to be successful. Implantation of plans for Hooch's must also like a leader be executed at the proper times. If plans are not executed at the proper time they can cause a upset or imbalance which could effect the over all goals of the HOC. White, K. , & Griffith, J. (2010). The Well-Managed Healthcare Organization.

Explain how Maintenance and Calibration of Equipment fit into a Quality System essays

Explain how Maintenance and Calibration of Equipment fit into a Quality System essays Explain how maintenance and calibration of equipment fit into a quality system. In the laboratory quality is synonymous with accuracy. For a laboratory accuracy of results is of paramount importance as a failure to achieve accuracy in a set of results could lead to damaging financial loss in a marketing environment or even result in a miscarriage of justice if quality control is inadequate within a forensic lab. Quality control within a lab must therefore control all factors in the analytical system that may influence the analytical results. Instruments used in the determination of results along with auxiliary equipment and the materials involved in the analytical operations are all extremely important factors within an analytical system, therefore the functioning capability of these factors must be optimised. Lab instruments such as A.A spectrometers and gas chromatographs must be maintained in order to produce sufficiently accurate, reproducible results. Lab personnel experienced in the operation of the instrument usually carry out general maintenance, such as the replacement of consumable parts and cleaning. Instrument specialists are employed for repairs lab personnel are unable to fix. It is necessary, for a quality system, that all personnel, whether in-house or contractor, operating or maintaining lab instruments be qualified to a level that allows them to do so without compromising quality hence only qualified persons are permitted access to the instruments. Quality systems require a maintenance schedule detaili ng how often equipment should be serviced and how maintenance procedures should be carried out. All maintenance procedures carried out must be entered in a log for future reference. This may be useful for the discovery of recurring malfunctions or used to establish accountability. When laboratory instruments are fully operational and ready to use they must be seen to be producing acceptably accurate results ...

Critically appraise the education provision available for people with diabetes. The WritePass Journal

Critically appraise the education provision available for people with diabetes. Introduction Critically appraise the education provision available for people with diabetes. ). The implications of diabetes are serious; complications include cardiovascular disease, retinopathy (eye disease), neuropathy (damage to the nerves), nephropathy (kidney disease) stroke and possibly death. Additionally, the costs incurred by the NHS are vast; every year the NHS spends  £14 billion treating diabetes and its complications, with the vast majority of this cost (66%) being attributable to inpatient treatment (Kavanos, van den Aardweg Schurer 2012). Treatment for diabetes-related complications is economically troubling due to the increased prevalence of inpatient treatment, and the cost per patient increases proportionally with each complication. By comparison, the cost of glucose reducing medications are relatively low, comprising only 8% of the total annual spend (Kavanos, van den Aardweg Schurer 2012). This highlights the need for ongoing diabetes policies to address management of the condition in its early stages. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes, particularly Type 2, is rising to epidemic proportions and represents a grave and growing global health problem, due to the population numbers affected, its associated complications and the costs of controlling the condition (Torres et al. 2009). Health care providers however struggle to manage a chronic condition which requires self-management; the responsibility for non-acute daily care for diabetes lies with the patient. These factors together reinforce the need for effective programs of education that can be successfully incorporated into health systems. Several studies however have indicated that the incidence or severity of diabetes can be successfully managed with lifestyle interventions. Knowler et al. (2004) for example in a large-scale randomised controlled trial assigned patients at a high risk of developing Type 2 diabetes to a placebo, metformin or lifestyle-intervention programme. The lifestyle-intervention programme concentrate d on introducing 150 minutes of physical activity per week, plus an overall weight loss of 7 percent. After a three year follow-up, lifestyle changes were significantly more effective at reducing the incidence of Type 2 diabetes than metformin. Lifestyle factors reduced incidence by 58%, whilst metformin reduced incidence by 31%, as compared to placebo. Wing et al. (1987) explored whether modest weight loss could provide long-term benefits for patients with Type 2 diabetes. They studied 114 patients who had enrolled in a weight control programme, and followed them up for one year. They found that those who had lost at least 5% of their body weight demonstrated significant improvements in blood sugar levels at one year follow-up. Those who had maintained their body weight showed no improvement, and those who had gained weight showed a significant worsening of blood sugar levels. Self-management also plays an important role in the management of Type 1 diabetes. In an integrative revie w of 18 longitudinal studies Guo and Whittemoor (2011) found a strong positive relationship between diabetes self-management and metabolic control. Given that self-management plays such a vital role in management of diabetes, it follows that programmes of education that are designed to provide information to patients regarding the condition, and to encourage self-management programme adherence could be of critical importance.   In the UK there are currently a number of patient education programmes that are designed to aid people to manage their condition on a daily basis. All aim to increase patient knowledge of their condition and how to manage it including the effect of their lifestyle, and the use of insulin when appropriate. In 2003 the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) published guidance on the use of patient-education models in the management of diabetes, recommending that: â€Å"†¦all individuals with diabetes should be offered structured patient education at the time of initial diagnosis and ongoing patient education as required, based on a formal, regular assessment of need, recognising that needs change over time. In this context, structured patient education is defined as being a planned and graded programme that is comprehensive in scope, flexible in content, responsive to an individual’s clinical and psychological needs, and adaptable to his or her educational and cultural background. â€Å" (NICE, 2003: 14) In the UK, there is a large number of diabetes education programmes offered to patients, and these range widely in length, content and educational style (NICE, 2003). However, for the purposes of this essay a focus on three of the most widely used structured patient education programmes in the UK will be taken. These include DAFNE, DESMOND and X-Pert. DAFNE is an acronym for Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating and is a structured education programme designed for patients with Type 1 diabetes. It aims to empower people to lead an as normal a life as possible whilst controlling blood sugar levels and therefore protecting against the long-term complications of the condition. Over the course of a five-day intensive training course (with post-course follow-up after eight weeks plus half-yearly refresher courses), participants learn the necessary skills to adjust their daily insulin doses to their carbohydrate intake. Delivered as group training to small groups of 6-8 participants, it offers information on carbohydrate counting, insulin regimens, exercise and blood glucose monitoring (NICE, 2003). It is recommended only to patients aged 17 and over, who have been diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes for at least six months, and who demonstrate a commitment to improve their diabetes control. Additionally, participants must be willing to administ er insulin up to five times a day, as the regimen that accompanies the course requires two daily injections of long-acting insulin, plus quick-acting insulin after meals and snacks containing carbohydrates. DAFNE has a strong evidence base; it was the only structured patient education programme to be named in the NICE guidance published in 2003, following the publication of several UK-specific studies into the effectiveness of DAFNE. In 2002, the DAFNE Study Group presented the findings of its UK Feasibility Study. The study used a randomised controlled design, with 169 patients with Type 1 diabetes showing moderate or poor insulin control. Participants either engaged in a DAFNE course immediately as the research began (immediate DAFNE), or acted as waiting list controls, and received the training 6 months later (delayed DAFNE), and continued to receive usual care. The differences between the two groups were measured using a battery of outcome measures. These included laboratory measured levels of glycated haemoglobin, patient reported episodes of hypoglycaemia, and the audit of diabetes-dependent quality of life (ADDQoL) questionnaire, a survey measuring the impact of diabetes on the p atient’s quality of life. Additionally, treatment satisfaction was measured using the diabetes treatment satisfaction questionnaire (DTSQ), overall psychological wellbeing was measured with the 12-item wellbeing questionnaire (W-BQ12) and a number of health-related outcomes such as weight, blood pressure and cholesterol level were also measured. Overall, the authors concluded that DAFNE was successful; those patients receiving the training immediately showed significantly improved blood sugar levels, without episodes of hypoglycaemia. Additionally, patients who received treatment scored significantly better on indices of satisfaction with treatment, psychological wellbeing and quality of life compared to those whose treatment was delayed. This was despite an increase in insulin injections and blood glucose monitoring demands. It must be noted, that despite the positive findings of this study, it did not meet the rigorous methodological criteria for inclusion in NICE’s review of patient education programmes (NICE, 2003), as the concurrent control group ran only for 6 months (after which they received the ‘delayed’ training). However, its results were still quoted in the guidance, and formed part of NICE’s rationale for recommending the programme. An additional component of the NICE review included the cost-effectiveness of DAFNE. In 2003 it was estimated that the cost per person to attend a DAFNE education course was  £545, but the resultant saving per patient (as compared to normal treatment) over a 10 year period would be  £536. Extrapolating across the population, in 2003 the DAFNE study group estimated that the maximum cumulative cost to provide DAFNE would peak in 2006/07 at  £19 million, but would be self-financing by 2009, suggesting the potential for self-financing in future years (NICE, 2003). Shearer et al. (2004) also provided support for the cost-effectiveness of DAFNE. Drawing on effectiveness data from three randomised controlled trials conducted in Germany, Austria and the UK. They concluded that DAFNE was effective at a lower cost than usual treatment models for Type 1 diabetes, saving approximately  £2200 per patient over a ten year period. They considered this result compelling enough to suggest that DAFNE should be introduced as the standard treatment for people with Type 1 diabetes in the UK. The second programme for discussion is Diabetes Education and Self-Management for Ongoing and Newly Diagnosed (DESMOND). It is a programme targeted at those with Type 2 diabetes to help them manage the necessary changes to their lives brought about by diabetes. Crucially, it was developed post-2003, after the publication of the NICE review, and was designed specifically to meet the standards outlined in the resultant national policy. The programme itself has three variations; a newly diagnosed programme, a foundation programme and a version specifically designed for black and minority ethnic patients. It is delivered across six hours of group work by specially trained healthcare professionals, using a written programme to ensure consistency of delivery (DESMOND project, 2012). Its core philosophy is one of patient empowerment; those on the course are encouraged to learn by discovering knowledge for themselves (DESMOND project, 2012). The programme was originally piloted across 17 primary care trusts in England, and 13 of these sites were included in a randomised controlled trial, including over 800 participants, making it the largest study of educational programmes for Type 2 diabetes conducted to date. The intervention group attended DESMOND within twelve weeks of diagnosis. The control group received an equivalent amount of contact time with healthcare professionals. After 12 months, there were no significant differences in levels of blood sugar between the groups, but the intervention group showed a significantly higher degree of weight loss, increase in physical activity and reduction in smoking. Additionally, they had significantly more positive views about behaviour change impacting on their illness, and significantly lower levels of depression than the control group (Davies et al. 2008). In 2012, the results of this study were followed up (Khunti et al. 2012) to measure whether the benefits were sustained over three years. The authors managed to contact 731 of the original 824 study participants, and found that none of the biomedical or lifestyle advantages had been maintained over the period. However, the intervention group continued to hold more positive illness-related beliefs. However, the authors concluded that these results did not necessarily indicate a failure of DESMOND. The programme is very much in its infancy, and the authors point out the importance of the psychosocial benefits of the programme. Over time, an association between psychosocial factors and a more effective management of blood sugar levels may emerge (Khunti et al. 2012). A recent meta-analysis yielded more positive outcomes. Minet et al. (2010) looked at all studies conducted up until late 2007 that used a randomised controlled design to assess the impact of DESMOND-like self-management programmes on adults with Type 2 diabetes. 47 studies including 7677 participants were suitable for inclusion, and showed a small but significant positive effect of such programmes on blood sugar levels. Although closer analysis revealed that studies utilising smaller samples with shorter follow-up periods were more likely to yield positive effects, they also found that programmes incorporating educational elements (like DESMOND) were also more likely to return significant effects (Minet et al. 2010). The final programme to be discussed is X-PERT. It is similar to DESMOND in that it is a structured education programme devised for people with Type 2 diabetes; however it has been delivered across the UK and Republic of Ireland to people with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. The two and a half hour group work sessions are delivered weekly over a six week period and aims to empower patients to identify and manage their own diabetes-related problems, and create their own possible lifestyle management solutions. It aims to improve clinical outcomes and quality of life for patients whilst reducing the need for diabetes medication and diabetes-related complications (Diabetes UK, 2012). The work to develop the programme began in 2000, and this included a randomised controlled trial (Deakin, Cade, Williams and Greenwood 2006). 314 patients with Type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to an intervention (X-PERT) or control (treatment as normal) group, and lifestyle, clinical and psychosocial measures were taken at the outset, and repeated at 4 and 14 month intervals. At 14 months post-evaluation, those in the intervention group ate a healthier diet than controlled, and reported a greater sense of freedom over their diet. The intervention group also took more exercise and demonstrated greater foot care at both follow-up periods. Crucially, those in the intervention group also demonstrated significantly improved glycaemic control, lower BMI, reduced cholesterol reduced waist circumference measurements, and a reduced need for diabetes medication at 14 months post-intervention (Deakin et al. 2006). Although no study has exclusively analysed the potential cost savings offered by X-PERT, Jacobs-van de Bruggen et al. (2009) performed a review of randomised controlled trials assessing the impact of seven self-management programmes for diabetes, including X-PERT. The results found large differences in health outcomes across the seven trials included, but X-PERT was found to be one of the most effective whilst simultaneously delivering potentially the largest cost savings. All three programmes therefore have returned some positive results. DAFNE remains the only NICE supported intervention addressing Type 1 diabetes in the UK, and both interventions discussed here to manage Type 2 diabetes demonstrated clinical, psychosocial and lifestyle benefits, with X-PERT in particular delivering sustained improvements to patient health whilst simultaneously being cost-effective. What is clear however is that more research regarding the effectiveness of DAFNE needs to be conducted, involving large populations, randomised controlled trials and adequate follow-up periods. DESMOND and X-PERT which were specifically designed with rigorous assessment in mind are still in their relative infancy; research regarding longer term outcomes will be necessary as the impact of diabetes continues to grow. References Barnard, N.D., Katcher, H.I., Jenkins, D.J., Cohen, J. Turner-McGrievy, G. (2009). Vegetarian and vegan diets in type 2 diabetes management. Nutrition Reviews 67 (5). Davies, M.J., Heller, S., Skinner, T.C., Campbell, M.J., Carey, M., Cradock, S., Dallosso, M.D. Daly, H., Doherty, Y., Eaton, S., Fox, C., Oliver, L., Rantell, K., Rayman, G. Khunti, K. (2008) Effectiveness of the diabetes education and self management for ongoing and newly diagnosed (DESMOND) programme for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: cluster randomised controlled trial. British Medical Journal 336: 491 – 495. Deakin, T.A., Cade, J.E., Williams, R Greenwood, D.C. (2006). Structured patient education : the Diabetes X-PERT Programme makes a difference. Diabetic Medicine 23 (9): 944 – 954. Diabetes in the UK 2012. Key statistics on diabetes. Availiable at: diabetes.org.uk/Documents/Reports/Diabetes-in-the-UK-2012.pdf (accessed 18.07.2012). Funnell, M.M. Anderson, R.M. (2004). Empowerment and Self-Management of Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes   22 (3): 123 – 127. Guo, J. Whittemore, R. (2011).The relationship between diabetes self-management and metabolic control in youth with type 1 diabetes: an integrative review. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(11): 2294-310. Jacobs-van de Bruggen, M.A.M, vaan Baal, P.H., Hoogenveen, R.T., Feenstra, T.L., Briggs, A.H., Lawson, K., Feskens, E.J.M. Baan, C.A. (2009). Cost-Effectiveness of Lifestyle Modification in Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Care 32 (8): 1453 – 1458. Kamlesh Khunti, K.,   Gray, L.J., Skinner, T., Carey, M.T., Realf, K., Dallosso, H., Fisher, H., Campbell, M., Heller, S., Davies, M.J. (2012). Effectiveness of a diabetes education and self-management programme (DESMOND) for people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: three year follow-up of a cluster randomised controlled trial in primary care. British Medical Journal 344: e2333 Knowler, W.C., Barrett-Connor, E., Fowler, S.E., Hamman, R.F., Lachin, J.M. Walker, E.A. (2002). Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(6):393-403. Minet, L., Mà ¸ller, S., Vach, W., Wagner, L. Henriksen, J.E. (2010). Mediating the effect of self-care management intervention in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of 47 randomised controlled trials. Patient Educ Couns. 80(1): 29-41. NICE (2003). Guidance on the use of patient-education models for diabetes. Nice Technology Appraisal 60. Availiable at: nice.org.uk/nicemedia/live/11496/32610/32610.pdf (accessed 23.07.2012). Ripsin CM, Kang H, Urban RJ (2009). Management of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Family Physician 79 (1): 29–36. Shearer A (2004). Cost-effectiveness of flexible intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with Type 1 diabetes in the UK. Diabet Med 21: 460-7. Torres, H., Franco, J.L., Alves, M.,   Stradioto, V., Hortale, A. Torres-Schall, V. (2009). Evaluation of a diabetes education program Rev Saà ºde Pà ºblica 43(2): 1 – 8. Vijan, S. (2010). Type 2 diabetes. Annals of internal medicine 152 (5): Wing, R., Koeske,R.,. Epstein, L.H., Nowalk, M.P., Gooding, W. Becker, D (1987). Long-term Effects of Modest Weight Loss in Type II Diabetic Patients Accepted for publication June 23, 1987. Reprint requests to Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, 3811OHara St, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 (Dr Wing). From the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. Arch Intern Med. 1987;147(10):1749-1753.