Movie Essays - Loncraines Film Production of Shakespeares Richard III :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Loncraine's Film Production of Shakespeare's Richard III Loncraine's film brilliantly furthers Richard III's role as the diabolical genius. His use of economy and symbolism in portraying Richard gives completeness to the character that the text in some ways lacks. The short but intriguing stable scene in the film makes this clear. The first thing I noticed about the stable scene in the film was the monochromatic color scheme. As Donaldson noted, the muted browns, grays, and beiges are reminiscent of the several death scenes. The colors befit the place where Richard meets Tyrrel, Clarence's murderer, and receives Tyrrel's vow of loyalty. Both characters' connections to the following death scene are foreshadowed by Loncraine's choice of color palate: Tyrrel as the murderer-for-hire, Richard as the instigator. Richard's reaction toward the animals in the stable gives glimpses of insight into his character. For instance, seeing the boar in the pen initially amuses Richard. He sees Tyrrel feeding the boar, looking on approvingly. As Richard moves away from the boar's pen, Tyrrel tosses an apple to the man accompanying Richard in a quick gesture of recognition and camaraderie. Richard proceeds to gently feed the apple to a horse; this is a direct prediction of Richard's need for a horse in the final battle: "A horse! A horse! My kingdom for a horse!" (V.iv.). Richard is feeding a useful and important animal, showing more sympathy and care than he does for the rest of the humans in the film. Conversely, Richard throws his apple at the boar after discerning Tyrrel's loyalty. The boar serves two purposes in the scene; it is both more useful when it is not alive (as food), and a symbol of Richard's family (Richard's crest contains the image of a boar, and Richard himself is often referred to as a boar in the text). Richard obviously has more use for the horse than he does the boar, alluding to his value of a creature or character based on its usefulness-he is quick to kill anything or anyone he finds opposing or challenging him. This includes his family, which is the boar's symbolic purpose. The boar, though penned and harmless, becomes the target of Richard's sadistic desire to bring harm to those around him. In the same way, Richard designs schemes to injure his family members for the more useful goal of gaining kingship. His family is no good to him while they are alive; they are more useful when they are dead and out of his way.

Foundation and Empire 7. Bribery

Sergeant Mori Luk made an ideal soldier of the ranks. He came from the huge agricultural planets of the Pleiades where only army life could break the bond to the soil and the unavailing life of drudgery; and he was typical of that background. Unimaginative enough to face danger without fear, he was strong and agile enough to face it successfully. He accepted orders instantly, drove the men under him unbendingly and adored his general unswervingly. And yet with that, he was of a sunny nature. If he killed a man in the line of duty without a scrap of hesitation, it was also without a scrap of animosity. That Sergeant Luk should signal at the door before entering was further a sign of tact, for he would have been perfectly within his rights to enter without signaling. The two within looked up from their evening meal and one reached out with his foot to cut off the cracked voice which rattled out of the battered pocket-transmitter with bright liveliness. â€Å"More books?† asked Lathan Devers. The sergeant held out the tightly-wound cylinder of film and scratched his neck. â€Å"It belongs to Engineer Orre, but he'll have to have it back. He's going to send it to his kids, you know, like what you might call a souvenir, you know.† Ducem Barr turned the cylinder in his hands with interest. â€Å"And where did the engineer get it? He hasn't a transmitter also, has he?† The sergeant shook his head emphatically. He pointed to the knocked-about remnant at the foot of the bed. â€Å"That's the only one in the place. This fellow, Orre, now, he got that book from one of these pig-pen worlds out here we captured. They had it in a big building by itself and he had to kill a few of the natives that tried to stop him from taking it.† He looked at it appraisingly. â€Å"It makes a good souvenir – for kids.† He paused, then said stealthily, â€Å"There's big news floating about, by the way. It's only scuttlebutt, but even so, it's too good to keep. The general did it again.† And he nodded slowly, gravely. â€Å"That so?† said Devers. â€Å"And what did he do?† â€Å"Finished the Enclosure, that's all.† The sergeant chuckled with a fatherly pride. â€Å"Isn't he the corker, though? Didn't he work it fine? One of the fellows who's strong on fancy talk, says it went as smooth and even as the music of the spheres, whatever they are.† â€Å"The big offensive starts now?† asked Barr, mildly. â€Å"Hope so,† was the boisterous response. â€Å"I want to get back on my ship now that my arm is in one piece again. I'm tired of sitting on my scupper out here.† â€Å"So am I,† muttered Devers, suddenly and savagely. There was a bit of underlip caught in his teeth, and he worried it. The sergeant looked at him doubtfully, and said, â€Å"I'd better go now. The captain's round is due and I'd just as soon he didn't catch me in here.† He paused at the door. â€Å"By the way, sir,† he said with sudden, awkward shyness to the trader, â€Å"I heard from my wife. She says that little freezer you gave me to send her works fine. It doesn't cost her anything, and she just about keeps a month's supply of food froze up complete. I appreciate it.† â€Å"It's all right. Forget it.† The great door moved noiselessly shut behind the grinning sergeant. Ducem Barr got out of his chair. â€Å"Well, he gives us a fair return for the freezer. Let's take a look at this new book. Ahh, the title is gone.† He unrolled a yard or so of the film and looked through at the light. Then he murmured, â€Å"Well, skewer me through the scupper, as the sergeant says. This is ‘The Garden of Summa,' Devers.† â€Å"That so?† said the trader, without interest. He shoved aside what was left of his dinner. â€Å"Sit down, Barr. Listening to this old-time literature isn't doing me any good. You heard what the sergeant said?† â€Å"Yes, I did. What of it?† â€Å"The offensive will start. And we sit here!† â€Å"Where do you want to sit?† â€Å"You know what I mean. There's no use just waiting.† â€Å"Isn't there?† Barr was carefully removing the old film from the transmitter and installing the new. â€Å"You told me a good deal of Foundation history in the last month, and it seems that the great leaders of past crises did precious little more than sit – and wait.† â€Å"Ah, Barr, but they knew where they were going.† â€Å"Did they? I suppose they said they did when it was over, and for all I know maybe they did. But there's no proof that things would not have worked out as well or better if they had not known where they were going. The deeper economic and sociological forces aren't directed by individual men.† Devers sneered. â€Å"No way of telling that things wouldn't have worked out worse, either. You're arguing tail-end backwards.† His eyes were brooding. â€Å"You know, suppose I blasted him?† â€Å"Whom? Riose?† â€Å"Yes.† Barr sighed. His aging eyes were troubled with a reflection of the long past. â€Å"Assassination isn't the way out, Devers. I once tried it, under provocation, when I was twenty – but it solved nothing. I removed a villain from Siwenna, but not the Imperial yoke; and it was the Imperial yoke and not the villain that mattered.† â€Å"But Riose is not just a villain, doc. He's the whole blamed army. It would fall apart without him. They hang on him like babies. The sergeant out there slobbers every time he mentions him.† â€Å"Even so. There are other armies and other leaders. You must go deeper. There is this Brodrig, for instance – no one more than he has the ear of the Emperor. He could demand hundreds of ships where Riose must struggle with ten. I know him by reputation.† â€Å"That so? What about him?† The trader's eyes lost in frustration what they gained in sharp interest. â€Å"You want a pocket outline? He's a low-born rascal who has by unfailing flattery tickled the whims of the Emperor. He's well-hated by the court aristocracy, vermin themselves, because he can lay claim to neither family nor humility. He is the Emperor's adviser in all things, and the Emperor's too in the worst things. He is faithless by choice but loyal by necessity. There is not a man in the Empire as subtle in villainy or as crude in his pleasures. And they say there is no way to the Emperor's favor but through him; and no way to his, but through infamy.† â€Å"Wow!† Devers pulled thoughtfully at his neatly trimmed beard. â€Å"And he's the old boy the Emperor sent out here to keep an eye on Riose. Do you know I have an idea?† â€Å"I do now.† â€Å"Suppose this Brodrig takes a dislike to our young Army's Delight?† â€Å"He probably has already. He's not noted for a capacity for liking.† â€Å"Suppose it gets really bad. The Emperor might hear about it, and Riose might be in trouble.† â€Å"Uh-huh. Quite likely. But how do you propose to get that to happen?† â€Å"I don't know. I suppose he could be bribed?† The patrician laughed gently. â€Å"Yes, in a way, but not in the manner you bribed the sergeant – not with a pocket freezer. And even if you reach his scale, it wouldn't be worth it. There's probably no one so easily bribed, but he lacks even the fundamental honesty of honorable corruption. He doesn't stay bribed; not for any sum. Think of something else.† Devers swung a leg over his knee and his toe nodded quickly and restlessly. â€Å"It's the first hint, though-â€Å" He stopped; the door signal was flashing once again, and the sergeant was on the threshold once more. He was excited, and his broad face was red and unsmiling. â€Å"Sir,† he began, in an agitated attempt at deference, â€Å"I am very thankful for the freezer, and you have always spoken to me very fine, although I am only the son of a farmer and you are great lords.† His Pleiades accent had grown thick, almost too much so for easy comprehension; and with excitement, his lumpish peasant derivation wiped out completely the soldierly bearing so long and so painfully cultivated. Barr said softly, â€Å"What is it, sergeant?† â€Å"Lord Brodrig is coming to see you. Tomorrow! I know, because the captain told me to have my men ready for dress review tomorrow for†¦ for him. I thought – I might warn you.† Barr said, â€Å"Thank you, sergeant, we appreciate that. But it's all right, man; no need for-â€Å" But the look on Sergeant Luk's face was now unmistakably one of fear. He spoke in a rough whisper, â€Å"You don't hear the stories the men tell about him. He has sold himself to the space fiend. No, don't laugh. There are most terrible tales told about him. They say he has men with blast-guns who follow him everywhere, and when he wants pleasure, he just tells them to blast down anyone they meet. And they do – and he laughs. They say even the Emperor is in terror of him, and that he forces the Emperor to raise taxes and won't let him listen to the complaints of the people. â€Å"And he hates the general, that's what they say. They say he would like to kill the general, because the general is so great and wise. But he can't because our general is a match for anyone and he knows Lord Brodrig is a bad ‘un.† The sergeant blinked; smiled in a sudden incongruous shyness at his own outburst; and backed toward the door. He nodded his head, jerkily. â€Å"You mind my words. Watch him.† He ducked out. And Devers looked up, hard-eyed. â€Å"This breaks things our way, doesn't it, doc?† â€Å"It depends,† said Barr, dryly, â€Å"on Brodrig, doesn't it?† But Devers was thinking, not listening. He was thinking hard. Lord Brodrig ducked his head as he stepped into the cramped living quarters of the trading ship, and his two armed guards followed quickly, with bared guns and the professionally hard scowls of the hired bravos. The Privy Secretary had little of the look of the lost soul about him just then. If the space fiend had bought him, he had left no visible mark of possession. Rather might Brodrig have been considered a breath of court-fashion come to enliven the hard, bare ugliness of an army base. The stiff, tight lines of his sheened and immaculate costume gave him the illusion of height, from the very top of which his cold, emotionless eyes stared down the declivity of a long nose at the trader. The mother-of-pearl ruches at his wrists fluttered filmily as he brought his ivory stick to the ground before him and leaned upon it daintily. â€Å"No,† he said, with a little gesture, â€Å"you remain here. Forget your toys; I am not interested in them.† He drew forth a chair, dusted it carefully with the iridescent square of fabric attached to the top of his white stick, and seated himself. Devers glanced towards the mate to the chair, but Brodrig said lazily, â€Å"You will stand in the presence of a Peer of the Realm.† He smiled. Devers shrugged. â€Å"If you're not interested in my stock in trade, what am I here for?† The Privy Secretary waited coldly, and Devers added a slow, â€Å"Sir.† â€Å"For privacy,† said the secretary. â€Å"Now is it likely that I would come two hundred parsecs through space to inspect trinkets? It's you I want to see.† He extracted a small pink tablet from an engraved box and placed it delicately between his teeth. He sucked it slowly and appreciatively. â€Å"For instance,† he said, â€Å"who are you? Are you really a citizen of this barbarian world that is creating all this fury of military frenzy?† Devers nodded gravely. â€Å"And you were really captured by him after the beginning of this squabble he calls a war. I am referring to our young general.† Devers nodded again. â€Å"So! Very well, my worthy Outlander. I see your fluency of speech is at a minimum. I shall smooth the way for you. It seems that our general here is fighting an apparently meaningless war with frightful transports of energy – and this over a forsaken fleabite of a world at the end of nowhere, which to a logical man would not seem worth a single blast of a single gun. Yet the general is not illogical. On the contrary, I would say he was extremely intelligent. Do you follow me?† â€Å"Can't say I do, sir.† The secretary inspected his fingernails and said, â€Å"Listen further, then. The general would not waste his men and ships on a sterile feat of glory. I know he talks of glory and of Imperial honor, but it is quite obvious that the affectation of being one of the insufferable old demigods of the Heroic Age won't wash. There is something more than glory hereand he does take queer, unnecessary care of you. Now if you were my prisoner and told me as little of use as you have our general, I would slit open your abdomen and strangle you with your own intestines.† Devers remained wooden. His eyes moved slightly, first to one of the secretary's bully-boys, and then to the other. They were ready; eagerly ready. The secretary smiled. â€Å"Well, now, you're a silent devil. According to the general, even a Psychic Probe made no impression, and that was a mistake on his part, by the way, for it convinced me that our young military whizz-bang was lying.† He seemed in high humor. â€Å"My honest tradesman,† he said, â€Å"I have a Psychic Probe of my own, one that ought to suit you peculiarly well. You see this-â€Å" And between thumb and forefinger, held negligently, were intricately designed, pink-and-yellow rectangles which were most definitely obvious in identity. Devers said so. â€Å"It looks like cash,† he said. â€Å"Cash it is – and the best cash of the Empire, for it is backed by my estates, which are more extensive than the Emperor's own. A hundred thousand credits. All here! Between two fingers! Yours!† â€Å"For what, sir? I am a good trader, but all trades go in both directions.† â€Å"For what? For the truth! What is the general after? Why is he fighting this war?† Lathan Devers sighed, and smoothed his beard thoughtfully. â€Å"What he's after?† His eyes were following the motions of the secretary's hands as he counted the money slowly, bill by bill. â€Å"In a word, the Empire.† â€Å"Hmp. How ordinary! It always comes to that in the end. But how? What is the road that leads from the Galaxy's edge to the peak of Empire so broadly and invitingly?† â€Å"The Foundation,† said Devers, bitterly, â€Å"has secrets. They have books, old books – so old that the language they are in is only known to a few of the top men. But the secrets are shrouded in ritual and religion, and none may use them. I tried and now I am here – and there is a death sentence waiting for me, there.† â€Å"I see. And these old secrets? Come, for one hundred thousand I deserve the intimate details.† â€Å"The transmutation of elements,† said Devers, shortly. The secretary's eyes narrowed and lost some of their detachment. â€Å"I have been told that practical transmutation is impossible by the laws of nucleics.† â€Å"So it is, if nuclear forces are used. But the ancients were smart boys. There are sources of power greater than the nuclei and more fundamental. If the Foundation used those sources as I suggested-â€Å" Devers felt a soft, creeping sensation in his stomach. The bait was dangling; the fish was nosing it. The secretary said suddenly, â€Å"Continue. The general, I am sure, is aware of a this. But what does he intend doing once he finishes this opera-bouffe affair?† Devers kept his voice rock-steady. â€Å"With transmutation he controls the economy of the whole set-up of your Empire. Mineral holdings won't be worth a sneeze when Riose can make tungsten out of aluminum and iridium out of iron. An entire production system based on the scarcity of certain elements and the abundance of others is thrown completely out of whack. There'll be the greatest disjointment the Empire has ever seen, and only Riose will be able to stop it. And there is the question of this new power I mentioned, the use of which won't give Riose religious heebies. â€Å"There's nothing that can stop him now. He's got the Foundation by the back of the neck, and once he's finished with it, he'll be Emperor in two years.† â€Å"So.† Brodrig laughed lightly. â€Å"Iridium out of iron, that's what you said, isn't it? Come, I'll tell you a state secret. Do you know that the Foundation has already been in communication with the general?† Devers' back stiffened. â€Å"You look surprised. Why not? It seems logical now. They offered him a hundred tons of iridium a year to make peace. A hundred tons of iron converted to iridium in violation of their religious principles to save their necks. Fair enough, but no wonder our rigidly incorruptible general refused – when he can have the iridium and the Empire as well. And poor Cleon called him his one honest general. My bewhiskered merchant, you have earned your money.† He tossed it, and Devers scrambled after the flying bills. Lord Brodrig stopped at the door and turned. â€Å"One reminder, trader. My playmates with the guns here have neither middle ears, tongues, education, nor intelligence. They can neither hear, speak, write, nor even make sense to a Psychic Probe. But they are very expert at interesting executions. I have bought you, man, at one hundred thousand credits. You will be good and worthy merchandise. Should you forget that you are bought at any time and attempt to†¦ say†¦ repeat our conversation to Riose, you will be executed. But executed my way.† And in that delicate face there were sudden hard lines of eager cruelty that changed the studied smile into a red-lipped snarl. For one fleeting second, Devers saw that space fiend who had bought his buyer, look out of his buyer's eyes. Silently, he preceded the two thrusting blast-guns of Brodrig's â€Å"playmates† to his quarters. And to Ducem Barr's question, he said with brooding satisfaction, â€Å"No, that's the queerest part of it. He bribed me. Two months of difficult war had left their mark on Bel Riose. There was heavy-handed gravity about him; and he was short-tempered. It was with impatience that he addressed the worshiping Sergeant Luk. â€Å"Wait outside, soldier, and conduct these men back to their quarters when I am through. No one is to enter until I call. No one at all, you understand.† The sergeant saluted himself stiffly out of the room, and Riose with muttered disgust scooped up the waiting papers on his desk, threw them into the top drawer and slammed it shut. â€Å"Take seats,† he said shortly, to the waiting two. â€Å"I haven't much time. Strictly speaking, I shouldn't be here at all, but it is necessary to see you.† He turned to Ducem Barr, whose long fingers were caressing with interest the crystal cube in which was set the simulacrum of the lined, austere face of His Imperial Majesty, Cleon II. â€Å"In the first place, patrician,† said the general, â€Å"your Seldon is losing. To be sure, he battles well, for these men of the Foundation swarm like senseless bees and fight like madmen. Every planet is defended viciously, and once taken, every planet heaves so with rebellion it is as much trouble to hold as to conquer. But they are taken, and they are held. Your Seldon is losing.† â€Å"But he has not yet lost,† murmured Barr politely. â€Å"The Foundation itself retains less optimism. They offer me millions in order that I may not put this Seldon to the final test.† â€Å"So rumor goes.† â€Å"Ah, is rumor preceding me? Does it prate also of the latest?† â€Å"What is the latest?† â€Å"Why, that Lord Brodrig, the darling of the Emperor, is now second in command at his own request.† Devers spoke for the first time. â€Å"At his own request, boss? How come? Or are you growing to like the fellow?† He chuckled. Riose said, calmly, â€Å"No, can't say I do. It's just that he bought the office at what I considered a fair and adequate price.† â€Å"Such as?† â€Å"Such as a request to the Emperor for reinforcements.† Devers' contemptuous smile broadened. â€Å"‘He has communicated with the Emperor, huh? And I take it, boss, you're just waiting for these reinforcements, but they'll come any day. Right?† â€Å"Wrong! They have already come. Five ships of the line; smooth and strong, with a personal message of congratulations from the Emperor, and more ships on the way. What's wrong, trader?† he asked, sardonically. Devers spoke through suddenly frozen lips. â€Å"Nothing!† Riose strode out from behind his desk and faced the trader, hand on the butt of his blast-gun. â€Å"I say, what's wrong, trader? The news would seem to disturb you. Surely, you have no sudden birth of interest in the Foundation.† â€Å"I haven't.† â€Å"Yes – there are queer points about you.† â€Å"That so, boss?† Devers smiled tightly, and balled the fists in his pockets. â€Å"Just you line them up and I'll knock them down for you.† â€Å"Here they are. You were caught easily. You surrendered at first blow with a burnt-out shield. You're quite ready to desert your world, and that without a price. Interesting, all this, isn't it?† â€Å"I crave to be on the winning side, boss. I'm a sensible man; you called me that yourself.† Riose said with tight throatiness, â€Å"Granted! Yet no trader since has been captured. No trade ship but has had the speed to escape at choice. No trade ship but has had a screen that could take all the beating a light cruiser could give it, should it choose to fight. And no trader but has fought to death when occasion warranted. Traders have been traced as the leaders and instigators of the guerilla warfare on occupied planets and of the flying raids in occupied space. â€Å"Are you the only sensible man then? You neither fight nor flee, but turn traitor without urging. You are unique, amazingly unique – in fact, suspiciously unique.† Devers said softly, â€Å"I take your meaning, but you have nothing on me. I've been here now six months, and I've been a good boy.† â€Å"So you have, and I have repaid you by good treatment. I have left your ship undisturbed and treated you with every consideration. Yet you fall short. Freely offered information, for instance, on your gadgets might have been helpful. The atomic principles on which they are built would seem to be used in some of the Foundation's nastiest weapons. Right?† â€Å"I am only a trader,† said Devers, â€Å"and not one of these bigwig technicians. I sell the stuff; I don't make it.† â€Å"Well, that will be seen shortly. It is what I came here for. For instance, your ship will be searched for a personal force-shield. You have never worn one; yet all soldiers of the Foundation do. It will be significant evidence that there is information you do not choose to give me. Right?† There was no answer. He continued, â€Å"And there will be more direct evidence. I have brought with me the Psychic Probe. It failed once before, but contact with the enemy is a liberal education.† His voice was smoothly threatening and Devers felt the gun thrust hard in his midriff – the general's gun, hitherto in its holster. The general said quietly, â€Å"You will remove your wristband and any other metal ornament you wear and give them to me. Slowly! Atomic fields can be distorted, you see, and Psychic Probes might probe only into static. That's right†¦ I'll take it.† The receiver on the general's desk was glowing and a message capsule clicked into the slot, near which Barr stood and still held the trimensional Imperial bust. Riose stepped behind his desk, with his blast-gun held ready. He said to Barr, â€Å"You too, patrician. Your wristband condemns you. You have been helpful earlier, however, and I am not vindictive, but I shall judge the fate of your behostaged family by the results of the Psychic Probe.† And as Riose leaned over to take out the message capsule, Barr lifted the crystal-enveloped bust of Cleon and quietly and methodically brought it down upon the general's head. It happened too suddenly for Devers to grasp. It was as if a sudden demon had grown into the old man. â€Å"Out!† said Barr, in a tooth-clenched whisper. â€Å"Quickly!† He seized Riose's dropped blaster and buried it in his blouse. Sergeant Luk turned as they emerged from the narrowest possible crack of the door. Barr said easily, â€Å"Lead on, sergeant!† Devers closed the door behind him. Sergeant Luk led in silence to their quarters, and then, with the briefest pause, continued onward, for there was the nudge of a blast-gun muzzle in his ribs, and a hard voice in his ears which said, â€Å"To the trade ship.† Devers stepped forward to open the air lock, and Barr said, â€Å"Stand where you are, Luk. You've been a decent man, and we're not going to kill you.† But the sergeant recognized the monogram on the gun. He cried in choked fury, â€Å"You've killed the general.† With a wild, incoherent yell, he charged blindly upon the blasting fury of the gun and collapsed in blasted ruin. The trade ship was rising above the dead planet before the signal lights began their eerie blink and against the creamy cobweb of the great Lens in the sky which was the Galaxy, other black forms rose. Devers said grimly, â€Å"Hold tight, Barr – and let's see if they've got a ship that can match my speed.† He knew they hadn't! And once in open space, the trader's voice seemed lost and dead as he said, â€Å"The line I fed Brodrig was a little too good. It seems as if he's thrown in with the general.† Swiftly they raced into the depths of the star-mass that was the Galaxy.

Approaches to Reading Instructions

Approaches to Reading Instructions Teaching children can be a challenging task for some educators. Many of them have raised this concern. Then again, there are some approaches that can be used in order to help educators when it comes to reading instructions. This study will present the characteristics of whole language, whole word, and phonics in relation to such instructions. According to the National Institute of Health (n.d.), there are multiple ways that educators can teach reading and thus, learners have various options to learn. One of the approaches is the whole language technique. This method teaches children to recognize different words as a whole piece of language (Maddox Feng, 2013). On the other hand, the phonics approach, otherwise known as synthetic phonics in the UK, is a technique teaches the learners to read throughthe blending of sounds in order to form a word. There are differences in a way how teachers teach their students based on the approach that is used. The whole language is more of familiarization of how the word is written, while the phonics is particular with how such words should be pronounced. Another difference is that the whole word or whole language approach uses the learners’ visual skill, while the phonics approach uses the learners’ ability to pronounce the letters’ sounds based on their arrangement . Between these approaches, I can say that the phonics is the most effective because it does not only help the children identify the letters’ arrangement in every word, but it also helps them pronounce the words correctly. In the long run, learners will be able to achieve the learning outcomes of whole word and whole language approaches and at the same time, they will be able improve their pronunciation accordingly.

Essay about Vector Aeromotive Corporation Case Study

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Project Management for Railway Gds Distribution - 6109 Words

Railway GDS Distribution ------------------------------------------------- Project Management Coursework Simon Riha Cohort 13, Aviation Management Emirates Aviation College May 14, 2012 Railway GDS Distribution ------------------------------------------------- Project Management Coursework Simon Riha Cohort 13, Aviation Management Emirates Aviation College May 14, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction 3 Business Case Assessment 4 Project Planning and Scheduling 8 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 9 Project Organization Structure 11 Network Diagram and Gantt Chart 12 Project Monitoring and Control 15 Project Risk and Reducing Uncertainty 21 Conclusion 24 Reference List 25 Appendix 1: A BOSCARD Table†¦show more content†¦It originated with Cap Gemini consulting company in the 1980s. The acronym stands for background, objectives, scope, constraints, assumptions, risks and deliverables, which altogether constitute a usual baseline for project initiation documents. BOSCARD is practical for providing a complete bottom line for quick and brief project outlines when still delivering all important project information to stakeholders, without having to undergo the entire exhaustive project initiation procedure resulting in a full project initiation document. (Haughey, n.d.) An example of the use of the BOSCARD is attached in Appendix 1. It illustrates its well-arranged structure and brevity while still providing the wide high-level characteristic of the Westbahn project. Such a BOSCARD can be created, for instance, by discussing and brainstorming particular BOSCARD sections in a small group of key managers and engineers at short time. Findings and results of such a brainstorming sessions are documented in the BOSCARD table. Focusing on one particular BOSCARD section, that is, in particular, the scope definition of the Westbahn project, a decision has to be made, which features and functions to deliver in the project scope and which to leave outside of its scope. Grundy amp; Brown (2002) suggest a few useful diagnostic methods providing a solid framework for strategic analysis and decision-making: Performance Driver Analysis, Gap Analysis and Fishbone Analysis. Grundy amp; BrownShow MoreRelatedReview on Airline Reservation Systems1606 Words   |  7 Pages Major CRS operations that book and sell tickets for multiple airlines are known as global distribution systems (GDS). Airlines have divested most of their direct holdings to dedicated GDS companies, who make their systems accessible to consumers through Internet gateways. Modern GDSes typically allow users to book hotel rooms and rental cars as well as airline tickets. 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Business Strategy Case Study of Rocket Internet †Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Case Study for Business Strategy of Rocket Internet. Answer: Introduction The report depicts the importance of Rocket Internet in recent business strategies of Rocket Internet Company (Rocket Internet 2016). The company is headquartered in Berlin and it provides valid platforms to builds online startup businesses. The company is founded in the year of 2007, and the founders of the company are Marc, Oliver and Alexander Samwer. The number of employees currently working for the company is around 30,000. It gives office space to new companies. The resources used by the company and the other competences outlined in the given case study will be discussed in this report additionally, the threshold of the company and in a parallel manner the distinct and dynamic capabilities of the company are also going to be discussed in this report brief. The report will also provide a VRIO analysis for Rocket internet. The company is maintaining their traditional business strategic model but currently the organization is trying to improve their business framework. Resources and competences of Rocket Internet outlined in the case From the detail analysis of the case study it has been defined that, though Rocket internet has enough financial skills for their venture capital firm but still they are trying to obtain promising technical platform in order to gain development. Resources of Rocket Internet: There are several expert teams that play a supportive role for the company (Wilson and Boldeman 2012). The expert team is not only in the sector of marketing management but also exists in customer management team, business intelligence and operation team. Rocket internet does not recruit only regular staffs but also for global venture development expert team is also recruited (Matthews and Brueggemann 2015). The employees generally recruited by the company have analytical skills along with entrepreneurship management ideas. Based on the structure of Silicon Valley entrepreneurial support and head of the Human Resource department are selected. The co founder and the managing director of the company are collaboratively working for the business development. Due to financial development they generally recruits extraordinary and MBA level knowledgeable people for their company. Not only this, but also the company uses best of the business models. The founders of the company were inspired from the entrepreneurial culture and especially from eBay (Wilson and Boldeman 2012). However from the critics point of view it has been defined that the company is a complete copycat that does not have any innovative ideas rather it only steals ideas from other business organizations. Competences of Rocket Internet: Though, Rocket internet is referred to as one of the successful companies, but the concept of the business is just a revolution of previously planned business models used by other organizations. The business strategy of the company is framed at the head office of the company (Mitchell 2013). Apart from this, they launched an internal novel business model. Additionally, the distributive business model framed by the company support multiplying business models and also it has been illustrated rapidly for online business models. It provides a combination of talented employee and high standard approaches in terms of systemized platform. Being worlds largest internet platform outside United States and China it has the capability to identify the basic need o the consumers. On the other hand, the company also copies a proven model of business for the financial scale up (Schildhauer 2016). Four basic factors that come under consideration for Rocket internet are- rocket network of the companies, technology maintains by the company and the process with infrastructure of the company. There are many organizations that are determined to be the tough competitors of Rocket Internet. As, the vision of Rocket internet is to be the biggest builder outside Chin and United States thus, they everyday they are proofing to be the market leaders. In Berlin project venture and HUT group of UK are known to be the tough competitors to Rocket internet (Keeton et al. 2012). The global reach of the company covers the largest internet and mobile audiences. Threshold, distinctive and dynamic capabilities of Rocket Internet Threshold capability is referred to as the resource capability and survival power of Rocket internet. The threshold competency is the state of art technology and the skills that has been developed by the employees of Rocket Internet (Eckard et al. 2015). From the distinctive resource perspective it has been defined that, the values and norms of Rocket internet is completely based on its dominant brand reputation. Threshold capabilities: Threshold resources: The Company is headquartered in Berlin with more than 700 employees and the network operates by the company for above 25 international Rocket offices (Keeton et al. 2012). The number of employees in the Rocket internet portfolio companies is above 15,000. Apart from this it also provides a strong financial backup to the startup companies. For the operating department of the company more than 250 specialists are recruited. Threshold capabilities: The skills for website development adopted by Rocket Internet Company is very high as the product serves by them are based on high quality. Additionally, specialization in IT software, programming and web design skills helps the organization to develop the quality of the products (Schildhauer 2016). Current emerging technologies and IT diagnostic tools utilization support Rocket Internet to reach the ultimate goal preset for the company. However, proper execution of other companys ideas in appropriate market with the emerging technical help is another capability of the company. Distinctive capabilities: The distinctive resource competencies states that the founder of the company is Sarnwer brothers. The brand name and the reputation of the company are very powerful. The strategies and decision making capability on the basis of the centralized models developed by Rocket internet helps it to improve the entrepreneurial working culture (Yoden 2014). The infrastructure and network distribution method maintains by the company helps them to create ventures on international scale (Rocket Internet 2016). The resource of the company is Global venture development team. The decisions and overall business strategies are largely shaped and the speed of new strategic business model launching is very high. The entrepreneurial culture adopted by the company leads the employees to work for a long time under huge pressure. In addition to this, recruitment benchmark has also setup for the company due to the presence of these distinctive competencies (Mitchell 2013). Dynamic capabilities: Inspirational leadership and determination of the employees helps the organization to reach the top (Schildhauer 2016). Rocket Internet is looking for strong leadership along with internal motivation and influence, analytical and conceptual skills. VRIO analysis for Rocket Internet VRIO analysis is one of the most effective analytical tools, used to determine the competitors of the company considering various evaluation dimensions. VRIO analysis considers the resource or capabilities and core competencies. Some of the resources meet all the four basic requirements to gain sustainability in the competitive business marketplace. Valuable: The strategic capabilities adopted by the company are able to generate the needs of the consumers in terms of product quality and the services served by the organization. Rocket internet avails rare and unique resources or capabilities (Lee 2015). The uniqueness of the organization helps it perform in a much better way to compete other rivalries. For Rocket Internet all the resources such as ability to raise capita amount, employee compensations, human resource management team and the core competencies include relationship with other companies, presence of innovation, experiences of the consumers and the corporate leadership and vision (Mitchell 2013). All these resources are valuable for Rocket Internet. Rare: From resource analysis it has been determined that some of the resources such as expert team and the financial risk management team are rare resources. These resources provide temporary competitive advantages. Imitate: As the company do not possesses it own business model for evaluation therefore, imitation on the business models of other companies charge cost to Rocket Internet. The capabilities and competitiveness of the company are so much vast that imitation or simulations of the capabilities are not possible (Matthews and Brueggemann 2015). Though, Rocket Internet cannot identify the particular resources still, it is able to provide comparable products to the competitive market. Org support: The main tool used by Rocket internet group is cash that is available for sale financial assess. Credit risk is another risk comes under consideration while comprises with the direct risks. Organizational support in terms of investment helps Rocket Internet to create more competitive advantages throughout the world. The organizational gained support from Groupon, eBay, Linkedin, Zynga and Facebook. Figure 1: VRIO analysis of Rocket Internet (Source: Mitchell 2013, pp-340) Conclusion From the overall discussion it can be concluded that, Rocket Internet is one of the largest ecommerce investor of Germen. It also shares 43 percent focus on the other organizations. The company is continuing to its innovations and evaluations for private funding and other alternatives. The report has discussed the distinctive resources and general competencies adopted by rocket internet. In addition to this, it also illustrated the distinctive, dynamic and threshold capabilities of the company. Finally, from the VRIO analysis of Rocket Internet is has come to focus that all the resources used by the company are valuable. The HR management team and risk management team is rare it means does not used by any other organizations. the analysis states that, the competitive advantages are not valuable. References Eckard, K., Eaton, H., de Giacomo Araujo, M. and Smith, S., 2015. Rocket Internet: Clone Factory or Long-Term Stakeholder Keeton, K.E., Schmidt, L.L., Slack, K.J. and Malka, A.A., 2012. The rocket science of teams.Industrial and Organizational Psychology,5(1), pp.32-35. Lee, C.M., 2015. THE EFFECTIVE SECURITY MEASURES AGAINTS INTERNET FRAUD. Matthews, C.H. and Brueggemann, R., 2015.Innovation and entrepreneurship: A competency framework. Routledge. Mitchell, S.T., 2013. Space, Sovereignty, Inequality: Interpreting the Explosion of Brazil's VLS Rocket.The Journal of Latin American and Caribbean Anthropology,18(3), pp.395-412. Muhammad, L.J., Ali, A.G. and Iliya, I.S., 2015. Security Challenges for Building Knowledge-Based Economy in Nigeria.International Journal of Security and its applications,9(1), pp.119-124. Rocket Internet, (2016).Rocket Internet. [online] Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket_Internet [Accessed 24 Aug. 2016]. Schildhauer, T., 2016.OPEN INNOVATION FROM AN ORGANISATIONAL PERSPECTIVE(Doctoral dissertation, University of Arts, Berlin). Scott, M., 2013. Technology Start-Ups Take Root in Berlin.Technology,9, p.06. Wilson, K.L. and Boldeman, S.U., 2012. Exploring ICT integration as a tool to engage young people at a Flexible Learning Centre.Journal of Science Education and Technology,21(6), pp.661-668. Yoden, M., 2014.Global expansion strategies for software firms(Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).

Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical Essay Example

Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical Essay Social policy as an academic topic is both descriptive and analytical. Discuss pulling on at least three academic mentions. In this essay the writer will specify societal policy as an academic topic and show that despite the fact that societal policy draws on other academic societal scientific discipline topics it is different because it is based upon a distinguishable empirical focal point support for the wellbeing of citizens provided through societal action ( Alcock 2008:3 ) . The writer will demo how as an academic capable societal policy is both descriptive and analytical and will give illustrations. Social policy as an academic topic is hard to depict as it is both the hunt of theoretical norms on how society should act and the practical application and execution of policies, which are considered to be societal ( Alcock et al 2004:1 ) . The intent of these policies is to better public assistance and to run into human demands ( Blakemore, K. 2003:1 ) . Spicker ( 2008:1 ) defines societal policy as the survey of societal services and the public assistance province . The survey of societal policy, originally known as societal disposal chiefly pertains to societal services and includes societal security, lodging, wellness, societal work and instruction, these being described by Spicker ( 2008:1 ) as the large five . Social policy as an academic topic draws on other topics such as economic sciences, political relations, history, psychological science and sociology and has been described as a magpie topic by Blakemore ( 2003:3 ) . These other topics offer background information about the many facets required to understand and develop societal policies such as the effects of industrialization and alterations in societal conditions, population alterations, constructs of category, position and mobility. Understanding sociology gives a better apprehension of industrial dealingss, minority groups and societal control ( Titmuss 1974:15 ) . However, societal policy as an academic subject differs from these other topics because it is based on a distinguishable empirical focal point support for the wellbeing of citizens provided through societal action ( Alcock, P. 2008:3 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social policy as an academic subject is both descriptive and analytical specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Social policy as an academic topic has been described as the survey of policy pattern in order to lend to policy reform. It combines both descriptive and normative elements Becker ( 2008:11 ) . Carlson ( 2004:89 ) contends that the descriptive component of societal policy is usually involved in the production of categorizations to do comparing easier, or to demo the inter-relationships between instances . Harmonizing to Spicker ( 2008:2 ) Titmuss suggested that societal policy describes how policies are formulated and the effects of policies. Social policy s chief focal point is welfare and it describes people s demands or jobs such as poorness, lodging, mental unwellness or disablement ( Spicker 2008:4 ) . Social policy describes the beginning and purposes of a policy, how a policy is implemented and the consequences, either good or bad ( Spicker 2008:5 ) . Fitzpatrick ( 2001:4 ) wrote that societal disposal was concerned with the how and the what of societal policy . An i llustration of this descriptive component of societal policy in pattern can be found in a background paper on drugs and drug dependance written by Richard Hartnoll ( 2004 ) . Hartnoll discusses how many people, what type of people use drugs, the type drugs they use, bar, interventions and decrease in supply. This descriptive information contributes to turn toing policy inquiries in relation to the impact of drug usage on persons and society. Descriptions besides help to measure demands and trade with whether or non there are equal resources to cover with the job. Hartnoll concluded that although descriptions of the drug state of affairs and policies had improved in Europe, that spreads remained and much more needful to be done in analyzing policies. The survey of societal policy requires the strict linking of theoretical analysis with empirical question . Social policy demands to analyze policies, their ends and impacts and see if these policies achieve their ends, or if non, why non ( Bochel 2005:7-8 ) . Harmonizing to Carlson ( 2004:88-89 ) Best and Kellner make a comparing between societal theories and route maps, stating that in order to analyze, discuss and intervene in societal procedures we need to utilize maps to see how society is structured. Theoretical positions or belief systems, referred to as political orientations of public assistance ( George and Wilding, 1994:1 ) play an of import function in the analytical facet of societal policy. Political orientations have three chief constituents as described by Baldock et Al ( 2007:69-70 ) . The first is a position, which stresses or explains statement without giving weight to other point of views. The 2nd is the position of groups or persons who have something to de rive from an statement. The 3rd and concluding constituent of an political orientation is how it deals with more than one issue and refers to a wider set of coherent thoughts . Analysing societal policies in relation to tribades, cheery work forces and bisexuals in Ireland demo how the political orientations of the Catholic Church have in the yesteryear influenced societal policy. Sexual activity between work forces was criminalized in Ireland in 1634 and was punishable by decease. Amendments were made to this act broadening the range from sodomy to gross indecency in 1885. With the foundation of the Irish Gay Rights Movement in 1974 came the push to legalize homosexualism. David Norris took a instance to the High Court in 1977 in which he challenged his constitutional rights of privateness and equality. This instance was unsuccessful and the opinion of the High Court included mention to homosexualism been condemned in Christian instruction as being morally incorrect . The High Court besides judged that homosexualism posed harm to the establishment of matrimony. The Catholic Church s political orientations are apparent in this opinion. Norris was successful in 1988 when he took his instance to the European Court of Human Rights. Homosexuality was finally decriminalized in the Criminal Law ( Sexual Offences ) Act of 1993 ( Considine, Dukelow 2009:438-443 ) . In decision the writer has defined societal policy as an academic topic and explained the differences between societal policy and other societal scientific discipline topics. The writer has explained how societal policy is descriptive and illustrated this with the illustration from Hartnoll. The writer has besides shown how societal policy is analytical and why when analyzing policies consideration must be given to the influence of political orientations as demonstrated with the illustration given from Considine and Dukelow. List of Mentions Alcock, Cliff. , Payne, Sarah. , Sullivan, Michael. ( 2004 ) Introducing Social Policy, England: Pearson Education Limited Alcock. Pete. ( 2008 ) The Subject of Social Policy , p. 3 in Alcock, Pete. , May, Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen ( explosive detection systems ) , The Students Companion to Social Policy, 3rd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. Baldock, John. , ( 2007 ) Welfare, Ideology, and Social Theory in Baldock, John. , Manning, Nick. , Vickerstaff, Sarah. , ( explosive detection systems ) Social Policy 3rd erectile dysfunction, Oxford: Oxford University Press. Becker Saul. ( 2008 ) Methods and Approaches in Social Policy Research in Alcock, Peter, May. Margaret and Rowlingson, Karen. , ( explosive detection systems ) The Students Companion to Social Policy 3rd erectile dysfunction. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing Blakemore, Kenneth ( 2003 ) Social Policy an Introduction 2nd erectile dysfunction, Berkshire: Open University Press Bochel, Hugh ( 2005 ) Introducing Social Policy in Bochel, Hugh. , Bochel, Catherine. , Page, Robert and Sykes, Rob. , Social Policy: Issues and Developments, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Carlson, Judith ( 2004 ) Theoretical Principles and Concepts in Alcock, Cliff. , Payne, Sarah. , Sullivan, Michael. , Introducing Social Policy, Essex: Pearson Education Limited Considine, Mair A ; eacute ; ad. , Dukelow, Fiona. , ( 2009 ) Irish Social Policy, A Critical Introduction Dublin: Gill A ; Macmillan Ltd Fitzpatrick, Tony ( 2001 ) Welfare Theory: An Introduction, Campling, Jo ( adviser editor ) London: Palgrave George, Vic. , Wilding, Paul. , ( 1994 ) Welfare and Ideology Essex: Prentice Hall Europe Hartnoll, Richard ( 2004 ) Drugs and drug dependance: linking research, policy and pattern, background paper for Pompidou Group s Strategic Conference on linking research, policy and pattern, Strasbourg. Germany: Koelblin-Fortuna-Druck Lavalette, Michael. , Pratt, Alan. , ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1998 ) Social Policy A Conceptual and Theoretical Introduction, London: Sage Publications Inc Spicker, Paul ( 2008 ) Social Policy Themes and Approaches 2nd erectile dysfunction, Bristol: The Policy Press Titmuss, Richard. ( 1974 ) The International Perspective , in Abel-Smith, Brian and Titmuss, Kay ( explosive detection systems ) , Social Policy an Introduction, London: Unwin Hyman Ltd